De-Extinction - The Resurrection of Extinct Animals

Theres a new buzzword that has been making the rounds of trendy tech conferences and environmental think tanks: de-extinction. Thanks to ongoing advances in DNA recovery, replication and manipulation technology, as well as the ability of scientists to recover soft tissue from fossilized animals, it may soon be possible to breed Tasmanian Tigers, Woolly Mammoths and Dodo Birds back into existence, presumably undoing the wrongs that mankind inflicted on these gentle beasts in the first place, hundreds or thousands of years ago. The Technology of De-Extinction Before we get into the arguments for and against de-extinction, its helpful to look at the current state of this rapidly developing science. The crucial ingredient of de-extinction, of course, is DNA, the tightly wound molecule that provides the genetic blueprint of any given species. In order to de-extinct, say, a Dire Wolf, scientists would have to recover a sizable chunk of this animals DNA, which is not so far-fetched considering that Canis dirus only went extinct about 10,000 years ago and various fossil specimens recovered from the La Brea Tar Pits have yielded soft tissue. Wouldnt we need all of an animals DNA in order to bring it back from extinction? No, and thats the beauty of the de-extinction concept: the Dire Wolf shared enough of its DNA with modern canines that only certain specific genes would be required, not the entire Canis dirus genome. The next challenge, of course, would be to find a suitable host to incubate a genetically engineered Dire Wolf fetus; presumably, a carefully prepared Great Dane or Grey Wolf female would fit the bill. There is another, less messy way to de-extinct a species, and thats by reversing thousands of years of domestication. In other words, scientists can selectively breed herds of cattle to encourage, rather than suppress, primitive traits (such as an ornery rather than a peaceful disposition), the result being a close approximation of an Ice Age Auroch. This technique could conceivably even be used to de-breed canines into their feral, uncooperative Grey Wolf ancestors, which may not do much for science but would certainly make dog shows more interesting. This, by the way, is the reason virtually no one seriously talks about de-extincting animals that have been extinct for millions of years, like dinosaurs or marine reptiles. Its difficult enough to recover viable fragments of DNA from animals that have been extinct for thousands of years; after millions of years, any genetic information will be rendered completely irrecoverable by the fossilization process. Jurassic Park aside, dont expect anyone to clone a Tyrannosaurus Rex in your or your childrens lifetime! Arguments in Favor of De-Extinction Just because we may, in the near future, be able to de-extinct vanished species, does that mean we should? Some scientists and philosophers are very bullish on the prospect, citing the following arguments in its favor: We can undo humanitys past mistakes. In the 19th century, Americans who didnt know any better slaughtered Passenger Pigeons by the millions; generations before, the Tasmanian Tiger was driven to near-extinction by European immigrants to Australia, New Zealand, and Tasmania. Resurrecting these animals, this argument goes, would help reverse a huge historical injustice.We can learn more about evolution and biology. Any program as ambitious as de-extinction is certain to produce important science, the same way the Apollo moon missions helped usher in the age of the personal computer. We may potentially learn enough about genome manipulation to cure cancer or extend the average humans life span into the triple digits.We can counter the effects of environmental depredation. An animal species isnt important only for its own sake; it contributes to a vast web of ecological interrelationships and makes the entire ecosystem more robust. Resurrecting extinct animals may be just the therapy our planet needs in this age of global warming and human overpopulation. Arguments Against De-Extinction Any new scientific initiative is bound to provoke a critical outcry, which is often a knee-jerk reaction against what critics consider fantasy or bunk. In the case of de-extinction, though, the naysayers may have a point, as they maintain that: De-extinction is a PR gimmick that detracts from real environmental issues. What is the point of resurrecting the Gastric-Brooding Frog (to take just one example) when hundreds of amphibian species are on the brink of succumbing to the chytrid fungus? A successful de-extinction may give people the false, and dangerous, impression that scientists have solved all of our environmental problems.A de-extincted creature can only thrive in a suitable habitat. Its one thing to gestate a Saber-Toothed Tiger fetus in a Bengal tigers womb; its quite another to reproduce the ecological conditions that existed 100,000 years ago when these predators ruled Pleistocene North America. What will these tigers eat, and what will be their impact on existing mammal populations?Theres usually a good reason why an animal went extinct in the first place. Evolution can be cruel, but its never wrong. Human beings hunted Woolly Mammoths to extinction over 10,000 years ago; whats to keep us from repeating histor y? De-Extinction: Do we have a choice? In the end, any genuine effort to de-extinct a vanished species will probably have to win the approval of the various government and regulatory agencies, a process that might take years, especially in our current political climate. Once introduced into the wild, it can be difficult to keep an animal from spreading into unexpected niches and territories--and, as mentioned above, not even the most far-sighted scientist can gauge the environmental impact of a resurrected species. One can only hope that, if de-extinction goes forward, it will be with a maximal amount of care and planning and healthy regard for the law of unintended consequences.

When Plague Strikes The Black Death, Smallpox, Aids By...

Amy Blakney Biology Mr. Sanders May 8th, 2016 Introduction In this paper I will be talking about the book â€Å" When Plague Strikes the Black Death, Smallpox, AIDS by James Cross Giblin.† I will also talk about how I think it connects to what we have learned this school year. Key Idea 1 In early 1347, the Bubonic Plague broke out near the Black Sea. People thought that the Italians were to blame for it. When the Natives decided that the Italians were to blame, they gathered an army and started preparing to attack their trading post. The Italians fled to a fortress they built off the Black Sea and the Natives were forced to withdraw, but before they did they loaded catapults with of their dead soldiers and shot them over into the fortress. The carriers of the Bubonic Plague were black rats and the fleas that lived in their hair. `Later on a reporter named Boccacio wrote: â€Å" Some say that the plague descended upon the human race through the influence of the heavenly bodies, others say that it was a punishment signifying God s righteous anger at our wicked way of life.† Later on after Boccacio seemed that all the advice of physicians and all the power of medicine were profitless and futile. Perhaps the nature of the illness was such that it allowe d no remedy; or perhaps those people who were treating the illness, being ignorant of its causes, were not prescribing the appropriate cure.† Since the virus was spread from just breathing on someone, I would agree that theyShow MoreRelatedReform by Destruction: The Black Death Essay914 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough the Black Sea. Those that were waiting at the dock for the sailors believed that all was well. However, they were proved wrong (â€Å"Black Death†). Not only were the ships carrying cargo; with it, they carried a silent pestilence. This pestilence had already taken the lives of many on the ships, only to leave those who remained gravely ill. Not only did they exhibit delirium and excessive vomiting, the sailors also had mysterious black boils enveloping their bodies. Those boils oozed a black, odorousRead MoreThe Black Death Essay2037 Words   |  9 Pageswildfire that was the Black Death enveloped nearly all of Europe, from Italy to Britain, in a span of about three years (C. Kohn, 25). Up to 38 million lives were claimed in less than a decade, distinguishing the Black Death one of the worst pandemics in human history (C. Kohn, 25). The disease behind this catastrophe has seldom been rivaled by another. But what was this disease? Many scientists and historical scholars believe this disaster to be the work of the bubonic plague, a deadly infectious

Night World Soulmate Chapter 17 Free Essays

I need to call my mom,† Hannah said. Thierry nodded. â€Å"But maybe wait until she’s up. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : Soulmate Chapter 17 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s not dawn yet.† They were at Thierry’s house, in the elegant bedroom with the softly burnished gold walls. The window had just begun to turn gray. It was so good to rest, to let go of tension, to feel her battered body relax. It was so good to be alive. She felt as if she’d been reborn and was looking at the world with wide new eyes. Even the smallest comforts-a hot drink, a fire in the fireplace-were immeasurably precious. And it was good to be with Thierry. He was sitting on the bed, holding her hand, watching her as if he couldn’t believe she was real. The healer had come and gone, and now it was just the two of them. They sat together quietly, not needing words. They looked into each other’s eyes, and then they were reaching for each other, holding each other. Resting like weary travelers in each other’s arms. Hannah leaned her forehead against Thierry’s lips. It’s over, she thought. I was right when I told Paul the apocalypse was coming-but it’s over now. Thierry stirred, kissing the hair on her forehead. Then he spoke, not out loud but with his mental voice. As soon as Hannah heard it, she knew he was trying to say something serious and important. You know, you came very close to becoming a vampire. You ‘re going to be sick for a few days while your body shifts back to human. Hannah nodded without pulling away to look at him. The healer had told her all that. She sensed that there was something more Thierry wanted to say. And†¦ well, you still have a choice, you know. There was a silence. Then Hannah did pull away to look at him. â€Å"What do you mean?† He took a deep breath, then said out loud, â€Å"I mean, you can still choose to be a vampire. You’re right on the edge. If you want, we can make you change over.† Hannah took a long breath of her own. She hadn’t thought about this-but she was thinking now. As a vampire, she’d be immortal; she could stay with Thierry continuously for who knew how many thousands of years? She would be stronger than a human, faster, telepathic. And perfect physically. Involuntarily, her hand went to her left cheek, to her birthmark. The doctors couldn’t take it away. But becoming a vampire would. She looked directly at Thierry. â€Å"Is that what you want? For me to become a vampire?† He was looking at her cheek, too. Then he met her eyes. â€Å"I want what you want. I want you to be happy. Nothing else matters to me.† Hannah took her hand away. â€Å"Then,† she said very softly, â€Å"if you don’t mind, I’ll stay human. I don’t mind the birthmark. It’s just-part of me, now. It doesn’t bring up any bad memories.† After a moment, she added, â€Å"All humans are imperfect, I guess.† She could see tears in Thierry’s eyes. He gently lifted her hand and kissed it. He didn’t say anything, but something about his expression made Hannah’s throat and chest fill with love.. Then he took her in his arms. And Hannah was happy. So happy that she was crying a little, too. She was with her flying companion-her playmate. The one who was sacred to her, who was the other half of the mysteries of life for her. The one who would always be there for her, helping her, watching her back, picking her up when she fell down, listening to her stories-no matter how many times she told them. Loving her even when she was stupid. Understanding her without words. Being inside the innermost circle in her mind. Her soulmate. Things are going to be all right now, she thought. Suddenly it was as if she could see the corridor of time again, but this time looking forward, not back. She would go to college and become a paleontologist. And she and Thierry would work with Circle Daybreak and the Old Powers that were rising. They would be happy together, and they would help the world through the enormous changes that were coming. The sadness would go out of Thierry’s eyes. They would love and discover and learn and explore. And Hannah would grow up and get older, and Thierry would love her just the same. And then one day, being human, she would go back to Mother Earth, like a wave going out to the ocean. Thierry would grieve for her-and wait for her. And then they would start all over again. One lifetime with him was enough, but Hannah sensed that there would be many. There would always be something new to learn. Thierry moved, his breath warming her hair. â€Å"I almost forgot,† he whispered. â€Å"You’re seventeen today. Congratulations.† That’s right, Hannah thought. She looked toward the window, startled and overwhelmed. The sky was turning pink now. She was seeing the dawn of her seventeenth birthday-something that had never happened before. I’ve changed my destiny. â€Å"I love you,† she whispered to Thierry. And then they just sat together, holding each other as the room filled with light. How to cite Night World : Soulmate Chapter 17, Essay examples

Data Encryption Standards Wimax Networks †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Data Encryption Standards Wimax Networks? Answer: Introducation IBMdesignedupthe infocryptographycustomary(DES) figurethatwasthoroughbredas a governmentcustomaryin 1976.The infocryptographycustomaryformula(DEA), aneasyFiestelpreparepiece figure, utilizes afifty sixbit key length andsixty fourbitsq.size. DES figure remaineda regularamong the U.S. Government andcompletely differentgovernmentsround theglobetillthe purposethat itfinishedup plainly conceivableto interruptingunderneathtwenty four hours utilizing basic savage power assaults.During thismanner, DES is presentlythought ofobsoleteand fewersecure. Witha selectedfinishgoalto boostDES, IBMdesignedup the Tripleencodingcustomary(TDES)within thelate 1970's. The Triple economics formula(TDEA) thatmay well bethought ofasthricetheDrug Enforcement Agency, replacessixty fourbit keysusedasa sectionof DES with 192 bits. Thisa lot ofdrawn out key lengthoffersa viable resistance against a savage power assault and in spite of being hypothetically crackin a position,it'sundoubtedlynot handyto interruptTDES utilizinggiftday innovation. Therefore, aninfamyof being genuinely secured has settledon thatacurrentcalltomethodcashconnectedexchanges Ron Rivestdesignedup the "Rivest Cipher" or RC2cryptographycalculation in 1987thatutilizes asixty fourbit piece size and variable key length. RC2 wasat firstcreatedfor Lotus to beusedasa sectionof their Lotus Notes informing programming. RC2 was suited to itschanceand stayed mystery beforereaching tobeovertlyaccessible overthe net. RC2may besplit with 234 picked plaintexts,during thismanner, itsstandingas ain good ordereffectivelybustfigure makes it unacceptable for currentcryptographywants. Features DES TripleDES RC2 Created By IBM 1975 IBM 1978 Ron Rivest 1987 Block size 64 bits 64 bits 64 bits Algorithm Structure Feistel Network Feistel Network Source heavy Feistel Network Key Size 56 bits 112 bits 64 bits by default, 8-128 bits in step of 8 bits Cracked? Yes No Yes Rounds 16 48 16 mixing, 2 mashing Suitability to WiMax Yes Yes Yes Currently used by 802.16e Yes Yes No Existing Cracks Brute force attack Theoretically possible Related Key attack Table 1. Comparison of three encryption standards for WiMax Research the security challenges for any two examples of WPAN technologies. WPAN Technologies: Remote Network is a remote development which empowers particular frameworks to bestow, using standard traditions remotely. The term is most customarily used as a piece of communicate correspondences compose whose connections in between centre points are developed without the spaghetti of wires. Remote communicate correspondences frameworks are generally executed with some sort of remote information transmission structure that jobs electromagnetic waves, for instance, radio waves, for the transporter and this use by and large occurs at the physical level or "layer" of the framework. In this dynamic world we will discover diverse sorts of remote system. Each of them is vital and has an immense commitment in their separate field. A few systems are for short range and a few are for Wide range, some gives low information rate and some gives high information rates. Additionally the greater part of the innovations can be conveyed as self sorting out, self recuperating. There are bunches o f verities of remote system that relying upon the application, cost and usefulness client can get any of them. In the following segment a concise warm-up presentation of various remote advances is given. Remote individual region systems are short operations remote systems that have been particularly intended for interconnecting versatile and portable registering gadgets, for example, cell phones, Laptops, PDA's, pagers and various other shopper hardware gadgets. Regularly, this sort of systems utilizes some innovation that grants correspondence inside around 10 meters - as such, a short range. The IEEE 802.15 standard characterizes details for the media get to control and physical layers for the remote gadgets in WPANs. Bluetooth The Bluetooth is an IEEE 802.15.1 standard for short-extend arrange innovation which keeps on getting a charge out of quick appropriation in an assortment of data gadgets. As engineers turn out to be more open to making Bluetooth-empowered applications, the cost of Bluetooth radio handsets keeps on falling. Presently days we will discover various gadgets like cell phone, PDA's, tablets are all Bluetooth empowered. Security Basically, there are 3 different methods of security to access Bluetooth between 2 gadgets. Following are security modes: Mode 1: no security, Mode 2: benefit level upheld security Mode 3: connect level upheld security In security mode 1, Bluetooth gadgets can interface with the others without verification. In security mode 2, security methods are started after a channel is built up at the coherent connection control and adjustment convention (L2CAP) level. In this mode, Bluetooth security administrator {link chief) deals with all entrance to administrations and gadgets. In conclusion, in security mode 3, both validation and classification is bolstered. Security methods are started before channel is built up. In addition a mystery connect key is shared by a couple of gadgets for secure correspondence, in this mode. RFID Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an information gathering innovation that employments electronic labels for putting away information. RFID marks don't require perceptible pathway and can be embedded inside groups. Dependent upon the sort of tag and application, they can be perused at a changing extent of partitions. Additionally, RFID-marked compartments preceding onward a vehicle line can be examined normally speedier than bar-coded boxes. In spite of the fact that this innovation was created to supplant standardized tags sooner or later, it has as of now been prevalent for mechanized protest distinguishing proof and store network application. Security RFID data security is indispensableSecurity is a fundamental issue that must be tended to successfullyfrom both a particular and business process point of viewto ensure expansive all-inclusiveness of RFID advancement. RFID must take care of people in general demand for information securityThe overall population must see RFID innovation as protected and secure to mitigate genuine worries about information security and individual protection. The present EPC security is worthy for the time beingCurrent levels of information insurance gave by the EPC global Generation 2 convention speak to a progress over past conventionsand are adequate for the present constrained RFID organizations inside the inventory network. The key security dangers are to front-end RF correspondenceIP correspondence between RFID per users and the system is secure, on account of standard IP arrange security arrangements. The genuine danger is RF correspondence amongst labels and per users. These issues must be tended to by future conventions and extra innovative work. Information security dangers take diverse structuresRogue/clone labels, maverick/unapproved per users, and side-channel assaults (block attempt of per user information by an unapproved gadget) all debilitate information security. Future arrangements will require new security and another convention As organization of RFID achieves the purchaser thing level, new security improvements will be required, setting off a requirement for another Generation 3 convention. Security includes some significant downfalls New safety efforts must adjust viability with cost and unpredictability suggestions. Information security is a developing storyFuture eras of label conventions will empower RFID to take security to another level. Read the following two research papers as follows; please give your critical reflection on the topic of Energy Harvest. As of late, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have pulled in part of consideration because of their inescapable nature and their wide organization in Internet of Things, Cyber Physical Systems, and other developing territories. The constrained vitality related with WSNs is a noteworthy bottleneck of WSN advances. To beat this significant restriction, the plan and improvement of productive and elite vitality reaping frameworks for WSN situations are being investigated. We display a far reaching scientific classification of the different vitality reaping sources that can be utilized by WSNs. We likewise talk about different as of late proposed vitality forecast models that can possibly boost the vitality gathered in WSNs. At last, we distinguish a portion of the difficulties that still should be routed to create financially savvy, effective, and dependable vitality reaping frameworks for the WSN condition. This paper abridges late commitments in the wide zone of vitality reaping remote correspondences. Specifically, we give the present best in class for remote systems made out of vitality collecting hubs, beginning from the data theoretic execution breaking points to transmission planning approaches and asset designation, medium access, and systems administration issues. The developing related range of vitality exchange for self-maintaining vitality gathering remote systems is considered in detail covering both vitality participation perspectives and synchronous vitality and data exchange. Different potential models with vitality reaping hubs at various system scales are explored, and models for vitality utilization at the hubs. References Knospeand, et al., (2004), RFID security, Information Security Technical Report, Volume 9(Issue 4), economics.- 39-50 Siva RAM Muthy, B. S. Manoj, Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: Architectures and Protocols, Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN: 9780131470231. Shaikh, et al, (2016), Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, pp.- 1041-1054. Ulukus, Sennur, et al, (2015), Energy harvesting wireless communications: A review of recent advances, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, pp.- 360-381. Oppliger, et al, (2009), SSL and TLS Theory and Practice, Management, Artech House. Pachghare, (2009), Cryptography and Information Security, Delhi, PHI.