Ozorian

THE DAILY NEWSPAPER OF THE OZORIAN TRIBE ozorafestival. eu NOVEMBER 2012 MONTHLY ONLINE EDITION Lost statue finds way back home Mission complete: Luke Brown’s sculpture is back By mtrxism Last month we had to tell you the unfortunate news that the statue of Luke Brown – one of the greatest psychedelic artist alive – had been stolen at O. Z. O. R. A. from the Looney Moon Art Gallery.Not long after the newspaper had come out, we got wonderful news from Looney Moon: „Today the Ozorian Prophet has given us back the sculpture, ‘cause the guy that bought it from the one who stole it already got in contact with Luke and he’s gonna give back the sculpture in the next few days. Guys did a good job with the article:-) Thanx a lot really† You are very welcome, guys! We share your happiness! FRESH RELEASES CREATING MAGIC The movie ‘Magic Garden 2012 @ O. Z. O. R. A. ’ is out Psytrance above all Psychedelic Musical Superiority By Chemical Over the past few years a seemingly never-ending debate about music has been present among the members of our community. The dispute usually derives from a disagreement concerning our treatment of musical styles outside of our own personal taste, and more importantly, our attitude towards the opinion and taste of others that deviates from our own. First of all, what do we consider psychedelic? Do we make distinctions between musical genres according to their „psychedelicness? † How do we treat different subgenres? How do we approach electronic musical styles other than trance that have ome psychedelic quality? Are they – in a way – subordinate to trance? Does some kind of hierarchy exist according to the assumed „psychedelicness† of genres? Continues on page 2 ASTROLOGY DISCUSSION PHOTOS: KRISZTIAN PAMUKI The more than a half of an hour long film about the Ozorian Magic Garden consists of four chapters. The first is a mood-journey through the Ma gic Garden, from the gates to the big stage. The second and third shortly show the months of Art Camp, followed by the months of building and creating. The last chapter is about a Magic Garden day during the festival.All this in a music video style, spiced with short interview inserts in which we can hear the garden builders, designers, the program organizers, as well as Andras Feldmar, Viktor Kubiszyn, and others†¦ Enjoy the magic moments!!! By sue It’s all about music Music continues on page 2 GOA – 20 YEARS OF PSYCHEDELIC CULTURE Magic Garden 2012 @ O. Z. O. R. A. Festival Filmed and edited by: Krisztian Pamuki, Labormedia Workshop Additional footage: Peter Busak, Levente Kolcsey-Gyurko, Daniel Szandtner, Csaba Antal Interviews: Peter Muller, Csaba Mata, Peter Busak, Marton Szuhay, Levente Kolcsey-GyurkoUntil we can gather in front of the huge speakers of our majestic Ozorian dancefloor again lift your spirits with the best Psytrance in winter time and check ou t what our artists have been up to! November 13: Total Solar Eclipse By Peter Antal Forecast October November The roots of psychedelic trance The psychedelic revolution never stopped. It just had to travel halfway around the world to a deserted beach at the end of a dirt road where it was allowed to mutate and evolve without government or media pressures until a new paradigm was achieved: the Goa state of mind.By Goa Gil Edited by Michael McAteer The 1960s in San Francisco, where I grew up, was a unique space and time. All of us there were experiencing something indescribably new. Most of all, psychedelic music had exploded into our consciousness and had changed us forever. It seemed as though a new dawn had broken all over the world†¦ and if San Francisco was any indication, the dawn was Cosmic. But by the end of the summer of 1969, while the Woodstock nation was on suburban TV sets, the bubble had burst, the magic had faded, and something special had been lost.It was during t his time that many of us decided to take our trip on the road. We wanted to test our â€Å"headspace† in the lands which had influenced our thought so deeply. It was the East – and most of all India – where our tribe collectively headed. Continues on page 3 In the coming month, Saturn continues its recently commenced passage through Scorpio, which will last approximately 3 years. The topics uncovered will include money, sharing resources, letting go, self-discovery and intimacy. Motives, ethics and values are and should be questioned to readjust our directions, beliefs and purposes.Life requires us to make choices and decisions. We need to progress and pursue our spiritual journey†¦ Continues on page 3 2 FASHION NEWS FRESH RELEASES Total Eclipse inspired beauty It’s all about music Continued from 1 E-CLIP’s newest single Troublemaker just came out 1st October on Iono. Once a drummer in hardcore bands the serbian producer formerly known as Beyo ndecliptica definitely brought his Full-on vibes along when starting the new Progressive project. You can expect strict tempo, tight rythms and of course those classic Goa melodies to magically power up any daytime dancefloors.To up the tempo a bit we must not forget about SOUTHWILD who has got his debut album released also this summer on the UK label Wildthings. The former member of legendary Rastaliens project is into twisted Night Full-on vibes with the new solo venture. Bubbling synths, ever rolling basslines and mysterious atmospheres enchant on Synthology album, which also includes a versus track with Ajja. Listen to it loud! PHOTO: BALINT TRUNKO By novishari One of the world’s most prestigious hairdressing events and competitions, the 30th Alternative Hair Show was held last week in the Royal Albert Hall in London.This year one of our sisters, the two time Hungarian hairdressing champion, Koczka also took part in the event. She was an International Visionary Award fina list of the ‘Main Event’ in London. Koczka has commented the following about her work: „My inspiration comes from the first Ozora Festival where thousands of people gathered to witness the total eclipse of the sun together. I envisaged a beautiful, freckled redhead as a symbol of the world’s beauty that we can thank to the vividness of humanity. † Congratulations Koczka, lots of love! DISCUSSION Deeply Activating Groove† as the Australian calls his own music is an apt phrase indeed. Having appeared several times on Sensient’s Zenon Records as well MERKABA is now running his own label where his latest full-length album was also released this summer. Language of Light is a real trippy dialogue of sounds where each shred of melody feels like being in its exact right place surrounded by hypnotic effects and atmospheres. If you are a Dark Progressive lover and haven’t checked this out yet, it’s about time. Just the way you should listen to the new Nano Records monster: an AVALON remix album.The Remixes Volume One came out end of September with reworks of Avalon’s top originals made by Tristan, Dickster, Loud and a lot of others including Lucas from T. I. P. World or Mindfold, the joint venture of Materia and Brainiac. sue Psytrance Above All Musical Superiority Within The Psychedelic Cultural Frame What is real psychedelic? Full-On, Darkpsy, Progressive, Downtempo, Goa, Twilight, Morning, Psycore, Techno, Techtrance, Forest, Zenonesque, Experimental, Deep Trance, Psy Dub, Minimal, Suomi, Classic, Glitch, Ambient – discuss in the social media –Let an example stand here of the continuously resurfacing, sometimes accepting, sometimes downright harsh, but definitely thought-provoking discussions. A: minimal is not psy! B: Sometimes it is†¦ and what is psy is a very personal perception†¦ AND this is not minimal†¦ C: Silly A. Psychedelic can be anything really. Perfect Stranger is anything but minimal. He is a true psychedelic artist. 145bpm with lazer noises is definitely not „psy† either. One of the most psychedelic artists at Ozora was actually Deadbeat at the chill stage.His stuff is so deep and psychedelic, but definitely not psytrance. More like minimal psydub/techno, but way more „psy† than most of the trance artists on the main stage. But it’s all good music and music is always subjective. If you don’t like the sound of someone, then go for a walk, go take a nap, go get arrested for holding up a sign Whatever. But don’t expect that all the music should sound the same all the time, especially when 20,000 other people are having a blast on the dancefloor! Source: PHOTO: BOBBY C. ALKABESContinued from 1 It seems to be a very tricky question, especially if we keep in mind that we are talking about music within the frame of psychedelic subculture, which more or less involves progression, openness, and libera lism. Is it possible that a paradoxical situation, a kind of musical superiority has evolved despite these basic concepts that permeates the ideological back ground of the psychedelic community? What aspect of music throws you into a trance-like state of mind is up to you and your own personal taste.It can be the fast, repetitive drums of darkpsy, the frisky, vivid sound effects of full on, the deep, perpetual soundscapes of psybient or even the slow, deep pulsation of progressive psy. You are even likely to attach a psychedelic quality to any other kind of musical genre – even to some that are not included in a line up like that of O. Z. O. R. A. We could even consider the possibility that the listener has an active role in the process, that the „psychedelicness† of music (at least partly) depends on him/her, and it is not necessarily involved or defined by the sounds music is built up of.This seems to be the reason why it is such a subjective observation, and th at is why the notion of psychedelic electronic music varies so significantly from person to person. It is up to us how we treat these differences. Chemical Ozora Festival Official 3 ASTROLOGY Forecast October November Continued from 1 Our personal relationships will be the main area of focus and deep-rooted problems may come to the surface, which might require attention. This can be anything from power-fights, imbalances (emotional-financial) and the lack of intimacy.This will be especially true between 29 Oct and 7 Nov when Venus will join the Uranus-Pluto square, bringing issues to a very personal level. Mercury turning retrograde may further intensify this effect – Mercury will be seemingly moving backwards – from 7-27 Nov and will be squaring Neptune for most of this time. Things to watch for include misunderstandings, self-delusions, lying to oneself and others, deceptions, convincing oneself that everything is fine when in fact that might not be thie case. The ot her side to this is the spiritualizing effect, however mixing various practices andAs we wrote last month we know for sure that you like surprises – but we’re also certain that you like teasers too! So, here are some of the names that will definitely be present sometime between August 6 and 13 at the O. Z. O. R. A. Festival in 2013. Growin’ LINE UP NEWS PHOTO: PETER NEMESHAZI the lack of clear boundaries and the over-abundance of unclear teachings may confuse us at this time. The keyword of the month is: DISCRIMINATION. As Rudolf Steiner (founder of Spiritual Science) said: â€Å"Don’t accept anything you haven’t understood and don’t reject anything you haven’t understood. Mercury retrogrades happen three times a year and have a definite cycle. Here comes the interesting part. The exact Mercury retrogrades we experience this month will be in the exact same signs and same degrees and the same calendar days of 1933. The question is, wh at took place at that time which has some similarity to our inner lives today? Helpful aspects (from Chiron and Neptune) are also present to guide and heal wounds of the past, and help may come from places least expected and change can be brought forward by opening up and embracing our fears honestly even if this seems frightening.A total Solar Eclipse will take place on 13 November, 2012 at 21 degrees and 57 minutes of Scorpio, which will most significantly affect people who are born with personal planets and points at about 17 to 27 degrees of Scorpio or the other Fixed signs Taurus, Leo and Aquarius. At such times changes take place in our lives depending on the house position of the eclipse in our own natal chart and on the planet it hits. The Sabian Symbol for this degree of the Zodiac is: OBEYING Hux Flux Braincell Hypogeo Mirror System Giuseppe Stay tuned for more info!VISUAL NEWS HIS CONSCIENCE, A SOLDIER RESISTS ORDERS†¦ – We should listen to the ever growing ca ll of our CONSCIENCE because it is the sound of our spirit guiding us towards the right path. Paint It Up! Videomapping: Anonim Flow http://astrology. hu By Peter Antal GOA – 20 YEARS OF PSYCHEDELIC CULTURE The roots of psychedelic trance playing and singing my songs wherever I went†¦ songs which seemed to come to me from deep in the universe, channeled through the Kundalini that I was awakening with my Yoga Sadhana. PHOTO: VISUAL POWER It was paradiseIn this way, many of us had begun to create a special mix of East and West, absorbing the spiritual traditions of India into our music, art and ideas. In my case, I was fusing my music with yogic energy. This combination, which in the beginning came from an acoustic guitar and an electrified Kundalini, helped to spark the first full moon parties. Soon, our passion led us to form bands, get electric sound equipment, and set up a stage on the beach. We also began to DJ. We would DJ the music of our times†¦ it would be a mix of rock, rhythm and blues, jazz, and fusion: everything and anything from our hippie musical history.It wasn’t until the 1980s with the introduction of â€Å"wave music,† â€Å"body music,† etc. that these earliest forms of techno began to fill the DJ sets, eventually becoming full nights of electronic dance music. The Visual Power’s international virtual buildingpainting competition PAINT UP!  ® was organized in Budapest this month. The videomapping competition and the finals of the happening took place at one of Budapest’s most beautiful landmarks, the Heroes’ Square where the participants painted up the building of the Museum of Fine Arts before more than ten thousand people.To our great happiness and pride, one of the finalists was Pumpui’s audio-visual live resident, Tamas Kantor aka Pentatone aka Anonim Flow with his project called History. Nice job Tamas, respect! PHOTO: GOA GIL The bubble had burst, the magic had faded C ontinued from 1 Like so many others, I got a one way ticket to Europe and headed overland to find my destiny. Soon, I was on the beaches of Goa. At that time, there were no bikes, no rickshaws, and no restaurants. There was nothing except the beach, some locals, and a small tribe of hippies. It was paradise.But Goa wasn’t all that we discovered in India. Most of us also travelled all over, becoming deeply influenced by the culture we found. In my own case, I began to meet Sadhus, to smoke and talk and travel with them, and before long I had met my Guruji in Kashmir, embraced the practice of Yoga, and had become a Sadhu myself. But even as a Sadhu, my love of music never left me. I began traveling with a guitar, returning every winter to Goa, To be continued Goa Gil / Michael McAteer Get GOA: 20 Years of Psychedelic Trance via www. goabook. net 4 Press ReviewThere's a whole page O. Z. O. R. A. 2012 review in the new mushroom magazine by the magazine's editor and author Tom Rom . He’s also known as the author and editor of psychedelic publications such as Psy Traveller, the Trancers Guide to the Galaxy, the Goa – 20 Years of Psychedelic Trance book, and he is the co-founder of the Austrian Sonnenklag Festival. He spent the whole week at the Valley during the Festival, so he has a clear and extensive picture of the 2012 happenings. In his objective report, very wisely and objectively, he talks about the ‘loss of O.Z. O. R. A. ‘s virginity'. He starts his article saying: „The name Ozora stood for a living anarchy in terms of psychedelic substances and a police-free zone since 1999. This is over now as the Hungarian police conducted a massive disproportioned raid against some international big drug dealers involving several hundreds of policemen. (†¦T)he action was adressed to the big dealers as they showed up at most of the other big music festivals as well. † u And he concludes the topic: „As the Hungarian Mi nistry of the Interior recently announced,Ozora will come alive again in 2013 if the Hungarian laws will be respected next year. Anarchy is over but freedom remains. † In his article he also points out the great progress the Magic Garden has made with a more colorful and varied choice of cultural programs than ever before. You can read the whole article in the mushroom magazine. Respect to Tom Rom and mushroom magazine – We couldn’t have expressed it in a better or more correct way. – olrajt – Ozorian Prophet Facebook Page is up and running! rom now you can also find the articles here, after each issue comes out.We really wanted to have a platform where you can share your ideas on the various news, articles, thoughts – and because more than 57,000 people liked the O. Z. O. R. A. Festival Official Facebook Page, this seemed to be the best decision. Let’s make Ozorian Prophet interactive – we hope many of you you will comment on t he articles and contribute your thoughts so that the Ozorian Prophet and naturally, the O. Z. O. R. A. Festival can serve our brother and sisterhood society better and better as we strengthen together. Subscribe and stay tuned!Publisher: Daniel & Arpad Zimanyi Editor-in-chief: – olrajt – Managing Editor: novishari Supervisor: Wegha Andere Authors: Tom Rom Reka Sas aka Chemical mtrixism Sue Layout: Henzi VidekiBela Logo: Seboe F-K Design: torojo Photographers: Ildiko Repaczky Peter Nemeshazi gotticon. freeweb. hu bobbyalkabes. com Gabor Gottwald nemeshazi. com Bobby C. Alkabes Ivan Herczeg Co-work: Tamas Berces Astrology: Peter Antal PHOTO: PETER NEMESHAZI Comics: novishari torojo – olrajt – Special thanks to: dr. Sally M. Torkos prof. Bela Torkos http://astrology. hu

Irish and Chinese Experience in America Essay

The end of the civil war and the beginning of the industrial revolution started an increase of immigration into the United States because of a need for low paid workers. Immigrants from around the world fled to America taking valuable jobs away from American citizens. Immigrants who came to the United States sought out every job known to man. Anything from sweeping floors to craftsman was available to the immigrants. From 1880-1920 the population of the United States ascended from 50,155,783 to 105,710,620. 1 An increase of approximately 55 million people marked the start of the industrial revolution. The population of immigrants that came to the United States in the time period of 1880-1920 was about 15,000,000. 2 Fifteen million immigrants just in the period of forty years came to the United States and all in need of a job. Two groups in particular, the Irish and the Chinese. Both The irish and the chinese have many similarities and differences in their experience in america. Some of these are shared yet others are sole experiences of one group. The origins of Chinese migration started after Senator Thomas hart Benton of Missouri proclaimed movement towards Asia as America’s Manifest Destiny. Manifest destiny was the notion that the â€Å"white† race was destined to expand and rule the earth. Manifest destiny contributed as the primary reason for the largest acquisition of U. S. territory. As americans started to search for new lands in Asia, Asians Immigrants set there eyes on America. After the Annexation of california, Aaron H. Palmer proposed chinese laborers to be imported to build transcontinental railroad and also to cultivate the lands of california. Around 1849, Chinese migrants began arriving in America. The chinese migrated to the states for their own reasons which were getting away from the intense conflicts in china caused by british opium wars. Many migrants were also fleeing from the turmoil of peasant rebellions such as the Taiping Rebellion. Hard economical conditions were also a reason why chinese Migrants sleeked survival in America. Chinese immigrants migrated to america voluntarily as free labor. They wanted to earn money and go back to their native land. The Chinese were sojourners while the Irish were settlers. Most of the chinese migrants were married with wives in china and were mostly illiterate. While the Irish immigrated to America with Families, as settlers. While the chinese fled to America for a better future, the Irish migrated to America due to â€Å"starvation†. Irish, came in massive numbers due to a struggling economy in result of the potato famine. in the mid 1800s the Irish people suffered a severe impact when the Potato famine struck. It left many Irish poor beyond poverty. With the drastic loss of their main source of economy the Irish people were left no other choice then to come to America. The Irish described their migration to america in terms such as â€Å"exiles† or â€Å"homeless†. By Takaki’s accounts the Irish felt as if they were driven away from their homeland by â€Å"English Tyranny†. The english were seen as â€Å"savage tyrants† The Irish felt they had to go to America, and that it was a necessity for them. Another factor that contributed in the Irish migration was the idea of religious freedom. The Irish Immigrants were predominately catholic, this makes them the first major non-protestant group to enter the US, immediately causing Americans to perceive them as a threat. The chinese mostly came to america with the intent of going back to their families, WHile the Irish immigrated with their families with the intent of staying in America. The background of why both groups parallel in aspects of better future and hard economies, and resentment of british rule. Both the chinese and Irish were Transnational, living in both countries at the same time. Both groups sent letter homes, the chinese used family and villager networks to send letters home. Irish sent letters home describing the country that had no tyranny, with no intentions of going back. The chinese on the other hand ultimate goal was to save enough money to go back and build a better life for family back home. The flow direction of both groups were different. The chinese set out for the â€Å"Gold mountain† while the Irish fled english oppression to cross the atlantic to America. The chinese migrated far less in numbers compared to the Irish. The chinese migrated in hundreds of thousands while the Irish migrated in millions. Between 1815 and 1845 one million Irish came to America. By 1850, the Irish made up a quarter of the population in Boston, Massachusetts; New York City; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Baltimore, Maryland. In addition, Irish populations were prevalent among American mining communities. By 1870, there were 63,000 chinese in the united states, 77 percent were living in california and elsewhere in the West,southwest, New England and the south. Both groups struggled effectively to get incorporated in the American Economy. The chinese worked hard in the californian mines, railroads and the fields. At first the Chinese were welcomed in california for their hard work and low wages. The chinese workers brought a lot profit to their employers. Due to their low wage, long hours, and no need to provided services such as lodging. The owners profited and preferred the chinese labor over americans. The fear of chinese gaining power to vote and chinese boys going to the same schools as the whites, several legislation passed to prevent them from doing so. In 1852, the california legislature passed a law that would tax foreign miners, who did not desire to become a citizen. Even if they wanted to chinese could not have become citizens, because of the 1790 Naturalization Law that reserved naturalized citizenship for â€Å"whites. † This Federal law limited naturalization to immigrants who were â€Å"free white persons† of â€Å"good moral character†. It left out American Indians, indentured servants, slaves, free blacks, and Asians. The chinese miners were taxed 3 dollars monthly, the sate profited 5 millions from the chinese by the 1870. The early economic incorporation of the Irish started from the lowest step of the ladder. Irish immigrants did not usually posses any real skilled forms of labor, So the work which they received was very menial. They worked the jobs that American citizens left behind, like cleaning and excavating, mining, construction, roads, canals,railroads. (Basically jobs that were surrounded by filth) The living and working conditions of both immigrants were extremely dangerous. Both groups worked on building Railroads. In 1865, fifty chinese workers were hired by the central pacific railroad to help lay tracks for the transcontinental line. The number of chinese workers increased to 12,000 within 2 years. The chinese labor were preferred due to low wages and no cost of board and lodging. The construction of the central pacific Railroad was a chinese achievement. The conditions were harsh and the work was long. The chinese were forced to work through the winter. Many died in the snow slides,in the winter of 1866. Shortly after the chinese went on strike demanding higher wages, and 8 hour work days. The demands were not met and the strikers were starved, and forced back to work.. alike there chinese counterparts, the irish workers built thousands of miles of rail lines such as the western and Atlantic railroad from Atlanta to Chattanooga and the Union pacific segment of the transcontinental railroad. Chinese were central to the construction of the central pacific railroad while the Irish were central to the construction of union pacific railroad. The Irish like the Chinese worked long hours. The Irish became Disposable workers. The Irish were assigned to jobs that were to dangerous for â€Å"american’s†. Irish workers had high accident rates. The Irish resist and sung songs for survival and morale. The Irish workers were treated poorly and treated as dogs. The Central Pacific railroad released thousands of chinese workers in 1869, after the completion of the railroad. These workers went to San francisco and were employed by boot, shoes,woolen,cigar and industries. Hundred of chinese also became tenant farmers and sharecroppers. With the passage of Chinese exclusion Act in 1882,the chinese demanded higher wages. Chinese exclusion Act was one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in U. S. history, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers. Chinese workers continued to be harassed and excluded the chinese from unions and industrial jobs, however the chinese fought against discrimination. Chinese six companies lobbied for civil rights of the chinese people. During the negations for the Burlingame Treaty the Six chinese companies successfully got the US Gov to recognize their right to immigrate to the US. The Chinese had many hurdles in the socio-economical spec term of the united states. In 1900 only 5% of chinese were women. External and cultural factors contributed to low number of female immigration to the US. Chinese tradition and culture restricts movement of women. Women were expected to take care of the house/in laws and was expected to stay at home. It was also expensive to immigrate with wife. It was also a hostage theory so the husband keeps sending money home and eventually returns home. Although women who did migrate were mostly working as prostitutes. By 1870, 61 % of chinese women were prostitutes. Although difficult, but some chinese were able to have families. The fire after the earthquake destroyed all records in San Francisco. People who were already here could now claim they were born here and become citizens. These led to paper son and daughters. Under fourteen amendment granting american citizenship to children of citizens born abroad. This paper method was an important way of entering the US in the 1906, and created a new wave of chinese immigrants to the United States. Gradually the chinese moved from sojourners to settlers. Chinese were building communites, and held bussiness such as laundary’s and shops in china town. The chinese also started to create organizations and communites. For example Tongs were an organization to control contrymen, and their objective was to protect and work with better relationshipes with the Americans. The orginazation also controled opium trade and prostitution. Fongs was also an organizatoin that was created by family and villagers to maintain clubhouses and temples. The fongs also serviced letters home and sent bodies home of the dead. Six chinese companies was also created for educational and health purposes, it also worked for equal rights. These organizatoins were a big part of the chinese community in America, they dictated, control and advocated for the chinese immigrants. The enviroment for The second generation was improved after world war II. Most chinese americans, expecially women were forced into their parents etnic enclave working for their familys or friends bussines. Early Irish Economic incorporation started at the bottom of dual labor market where they had to compete with nonwhite labor. The chinese were hard workers and were hired to when there was shortage of white workers. Crocker hired chinese workers and when whites complained he threaten to fire them. The chinese worker made lots of profits for their employers. Crocker also explained that the chinese workers are elevating whiter workers. While the chinese worked as labores ther whites can be in managment/supervisory postions. The Irish were at the same woorking pool as the chinese and blacks. Irish workers in the Shoe factory created a organization to fight low wages. Knights of Crispin demanded higher wages. An employer replaced his Irish workers with chinese and was praised by the press. The Irish were reffered to as unrully, and were imaged as race of savages. The Irish were also descriminated against and depicted as lacking puntuality. They were viewed the same as blacks. To gain higher status in the social and political areana the Irish used â€Å"white antagonism† to gain political and social status in the american society. The Irish also played the race card to their advantage. They used the white racism strategy in competting with the chinese in california and African Americans in the Northeast. After being depicted as the same level as African americans, The Irish started to point out there supremacy by poining out that they were white. From being outsiders they wanted to be insiders. They did so by claiming they were americans. They claimed they were americans by attacking blacks and posing as insiders. The Irish slowly started to asimilate from forigners to americans. The Democratic party welcomed the Irish, due to their high numbers, as voters, party members, but not office holders before the civil war. By the 1830’s the cathlic Irish stongly identified as democrats. The democratic party emphasised the â€Å"Irish whitness† to sommoth over divisions withing the party. They pointed out that the Irish were white, and thus deserved equal rights. More Irish Women started to migrage due to bad economical situtions. Women migrated to America in hopes of finding a job. Irish women entered domestic service because of room and board incentive because they were mostly single. Maids also got payied higher then a factory worker. Although they worked long hours,These domestic workers were expirencimg american cutlure first hand and was eaiser for them to adopt and settel in the american culture. The second generation of Irish had more economical mobility, were educated. 19 percent of Irish women born in America worked as servants,or laudress compared to 61 percent of the immigent generation. Most of female immigrants were illiterate, but there daughters were educated and took white collar jobes such as teachers, nurses, and secreteries. The second generation Irish had wider acceptance in the society. Political invorment also helped in adoption to the new country. Irish’s democratic invoment gave them a higher edge in the society. In NY, Boston, chicago, and SF Irish political machines fuctioned as Robin Hoods for the the Irish people. Irish amricans took white collar jobs and held important postions within the cities. The Irished used an ethnic strategy based on dominance, by using white supremacy in America. The Irish Dominated in the trade unions/ and held high skilled jobs which created â€Å"wages of Whiteness. † Irish workers continued comapinn to make american labor equal â€Å"white labor†. They started to monopolis better jobs, and excluded African Americans, chinese and japanese. The second generation made goals for their future while still remembered their culture through songs. Chinese and Irish Immirgrants struggled to make their place in the American society. Both Groups had to deal with Racism and discrimination. The settelment and economic socio- political adaption of both groups were drastically different from one another. The Irish were easily incorporated in the political areana because of their voting power. While the Chinese had a harder time because of the early legislation which did not grant chinese citizenships. I feel the Irish had some advantages over the Chinese migrants. Knowledge of the English language being one advantage and Experience in political organization which The Irish had mobilized labor movements against British, this made the Irish more politically savvy. Another factor why the Irish moved up the labor ladder was because they looked like americans and they used that as an advantaged to become the insiders. The chinese chose to live in their own nehiobrhoods which hindered them in adapting to amercan culture. If the chinese were more adaptive then They might of been more accepted by the society. ? ? ? ? ?

Map British Airways stakeholders. Describe with examples from at least Essay

Map British Airways stakeholders. Describe with examples from at least two different stakeholder groups some of the ethical - Essay Example Further it maps four stakeholders of British Airways being: customers, employees, competitors and the local community. Table of Contents General Overview of British Airways†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Definition of Business Ethics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4-5 Understanding Stakeholders†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5-6 Examining Stakeholder mapping†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6-7 Discussing and mapping British Airways Stakeholders†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7-10 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10-11 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...12 British Airways is the UK’s leading airline dealing in both international and domestic freight, mail carriage services and provision of auxiliary products. Its roots can be traced back to the emergence of civil aviation following the infamous world war one. The company has evolved tremendously over time with its first international flight between London and Paris on 25th August 1919 by its forerunner company Aircraft Transport and Travel Limited, (A&TT) to the current worldwide destinations with extremely sophisticated planes both for cargo and human transport (Britishairways.com, 2012). The United Kingdom leading airline has been very profitable with a turnover of ?8.99bn in the year ending 31st March 2009 (Petya, 2011). For this famous airline company to witness such growth, and market dominance, there has to be proper coordination a nd professionalism coupled by high degrees of commitments by the stakeholders of the company. In the business world, the act of ensuring a well coordinated relationship between a company and the stakeholders is called corporate governance. The paper will explore, discuss and map some British Airways stakeholders, their ethical concerns and how the company has dealt with them in general. To tackle this paper efficiently, it is prudent to understand its key terms. Businesses operate in human societies and need to uphold the moral values that are advocated within their locality and beyond due to globalization. The world has increasingly become a global village and what affects one part of the world automatically affects the other. For a company to gain desirable public image it has to uphold business ethics in its operations and decision making. Applied-Corporate-Governance.com (2012) defines business ethics as, ‘‘the application of moral code of conduct to the strategic an d operational management of a business’’ It is important to note that different people have varied moral standards, hence what may be considered morally upright to one may not necessarily be so to another person owing to individual diversities. Ethics is about personal moral judgment of right and wrong. The business entity has to understand this and to operate in a manner that facilitates it to win the public trust for a desired culmination to enhanced profitability. The same can be achieved through careful moral examination of corporate social responsibility, political and social systems coupled with individual moral standards. A business entity that desires to flourish should embrace ethical practices as this will

Classic Music and its Form Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Classic Music and its Form - Essay Example There are three important composer in the classical period: Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. They are responsible for many of the changes of the structure of musical forms of movements . The names of the pieces often illustrated what was going on in history or the name of the person for whom the piece was commissioned. Chamber music was reinvented. The symphony was reinvented. The Sonata Form is the foundation for the symphony's first movement, the sonata, the string quartets and the concerto. (ThinkQuest) The Sonata is for one solo instrument and the piano or harpsichord. The form changed a little bit from the baroque period. It is called the "Sonata Principe". (ThinkQuest) It has three movements: introduction of one theme, then the second theme is introduced. In the second movement, the two themes are developed and played together. The final movement plays the two themes giving the listener a sense that the chapter is being finished. The most important instrument can be the violin, flu te or oboe for example. String Quartet was invented by Haydn. It has two violins, one viola and one cello. There are four movements. Other chamber music was performed as the concerto with a string orchestra or the Concerto Grosso with a symphony orchestra. Haydn worked on all forms. He composed over 1000 pieces of music (Burrows 138 ) Orchestra Music became bigger in the classical period. It was not just chamber music. ... The forms of the movements took form in early classical music. In Beethoven's 9th Symphony it was not used. The first movement is the "sonata allegro". This form was contributed to Haydn. It was used in the early classical period as it was more open and less complicated than the sonata form in the Baroque period. It is usually in the ABA form but can be in different variations. The second movement is in theme and variation. By the height of the Baroque period, the theme was played and then the variation was a mathematical effort to give every possible variation to sound. In this period the variation was more musical and the flowing of the music was more important than the chords. A Minuet and Trio is the third movement in ABA form. (Grout 486) The time is in 3/4 taking after a dance. The middle section is played more quietly often with solo instruments. The Rondo finishes the symphony with a bright quick piece of music with the theme and quickly in ABA form. Franz Joseph Haydn (1732- 1809) was self taught. He helped establish the symphony form that we know today. He has 108 symphonies that are attributed to him (Burrows 137). Each one improves on the simplistic baroque form. The string quartet where there are four equal players is his true gift. (Grout 491) Mozart and Beethoven go on to write many more string quartets. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791), a child prodigy who died a pauper. He was a prolific composer of all genres of music. (Burrows 149) Because he had played in all the courts of Europe, he used the styles of music in his own compositions. He was one of the first composers to try to work for himself without having to rely on a patron. Perhaps this is why he died a pauper. Ludwig Beethoven (1770-1827) was not as prolific a composer but his compositions

Compare and contrast the marketing strategies of two companies Essay

Compare and contrast the marketing strategies of two companies - Essay Example Both companies like to keep their product at the introductory and growth stages of the product lifecycle by introducing new models of cars to the market. BMW Company does not like having their products at the maturity or declining stage of product life cycle. They like introducing new models of cars to the market so as to keep a competitive edge over other automobile companies in the industry. In contrast, although the Rolls Royce Company keeps their products in the introductory and growth stage of product life cycle, this company also maintains their products in the maturity and decline stage of life. This is because they target a sale market of middle-income earners (Smith, 2013). Both companies use similar market approaches so as to have a competitive advantage over other automobile companies in the market. They both produce products that serve the global needs of customers. The two companies’ produces new models of cars to suit the customers demand and recognizes the need of quality and luxury as both of their products is built on this attributes. The two companies, therefore, produces attractive and trend products that suit the needs of their customers. Both companies differentiate their market into demographic segmentation. This market is segmented into income, age, and gender. Therefore, the two companies produce products that favor these segments of the market. BMW produce products that target high-income earners basing on the economic segment. Their target customers are those with an income of $75,000 unlike the Rolls Royce, who targets customers with an income of more than $30, 000. These makes BMW brands most common among the rich while the Rolls Royce more common among the middle-income earners ( Simms & Trott, 2007). Both companies have a good number of market dealership and imports from no dealership-networked countries. They both have various manufacturing plants in Germany and UK with the companies operating in more than 100

Internet Marketing and Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internet Marketing and Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example Theoretically, you win! Yapiee! You should get sales now but what happens, when you get in to the Google Analytics you see good amount of traffic but no sales, bounce rate of 80% or plus, OMG! Practically, ranking in the top of the search engine from the desired key phrases is very important but this will only bring the targeted visitors to the website and if your website is not strong enough to convert them in to leads and customer then your ranking is a waste! One should seriously consider the consumer behaviour while creating web pages and websites for businesses. So, what is Consumer Behaviour? â€Å"Consumer behaviour is the study of when, why, how, and where people do or do not buy a product. It blends elements from psychology, sociology, social anthropology and economics. It attempts to understand the buyer decision making process, both individually and in groups.† I extract the word that will be the centre of the circle for the rest of the post and that is ‘Decis ion Making Process’. When a visitor is on your website the decision making process starts, there are different stages of decision making processes, which are as follows: 1. ... The website should have to have enough content (i.e Articles, eBooks, Images and Videos) to make visitor aware of the possible unsatisfied needs and how a product or service can fulfil the need of the customer. 2. Search for Information: Now you have supplied with the enough information online that he is satisfied the next stage is to search for the company information. Nobody will buy a product or service online without researching about the company information, product reviews and related information. In the online industry, we all know the power of review websites and the impact of positive reviews on product or services. In this step, consumer will more likely research about the company on other review websites, testimonials and feedbacks. Your website should have to have good reviews on and off the website (on review sites) in order to help customer to pass this step and move to the other one. 3. Expected Outcome: The customer at this stage is supplied with enough information an d this is the time for him to evaluate the information and come up to possible outcome. At this stage he has decided either he is going to buy from your website/company or not. In case of negative the consumer will bounce away from your website but if yes then he will possible narrow down his research to only few products and will care about different factors like price, quality and more, sales copy written against the product also plays a vital role in the decision making process. Studies have proved that attributes that play with emotions (such as trust, comfort and excellence) are rated higher in the decision making process. 4. Purchase a product: Finally this is the last stage of the decision making process. At this stage consumer will decide which product to buy or leave the

Gilles Deleuze's Postscript on the Societies of Control Essay

Gilles Deleuze's Postscript on the Societies of Control - Essay Example The authority announces various ongoing crises that need to be bring about reform within the space being considered. The individual needs to accept these mechanisms of change and the rules that go along with them. The fact that each individual passes through the systems as an independent variable that starts from zero only increases their control over the individual. It produces them even more as subject. While society is now more complex, and many people's lives are less obviously controlled than they used to be, Deleuze argues that the same systems are in fact in place. Thus while Nineteenth century people were controlled by machines such as clocks and pulleys, people are now controlled by computers in a more subtle and yet almost more pernicious manner. The easily identifiable "spaces" of school, factory, army that once existed have now been transformed into what Deleuze calls an "open circuit". This open circuit produces "coded figures" that are "deformable and transformable" - through entities such as the corporation individuals are rendered subjects wherever they go. They are controlled by the debts that they owe to these corporations rather than the physical walls of the factories that most people no longer work in. Control is no longer direct and obvious but rather indirect and diffused. As Deleuze puts it, with a hint of humorous irony, "we are taught that corporations have a soul, which is the most terrifying news in the world." It is terrifying because it shows that corporations have taken on a mystical place within society, and their power spreads like a virus through every one of its institutions. The individual cannot avoid being a subject if he/she chooses to have any contact at all within this society. Before there was a way of countering the control, of even rebelling against the raw control represented by the factor clock or the prison walls; but now the clock is found within the invisible, constantly running time of a computer and the walls have gone to be replaced by the diffused power of the modern world. Deleuze finally argues that the "control environment" of science fiction actually already exists, through the "human in a corporation, as with an electronic collar". This is an example of "the progressive and dispersed installation of a new system of domination." It is so powerful in defining the subject because it is so difficult to actual define and locate in and of itself. In the past a worker could walk out of a factory and, if he so chose, not return. The worker may leave his work today, but that would only be a way of transferring the sphere of power over him from one to another. Ultimately, Deleuze suggests that the modern form of control is like "the coils of a serpent", and these are much more complex than the "burrows of a molehill" that people once existed within. Thus the old industrial societies defined people as subject through a very obvious system that, while powerful, could be broken because it was so obvious. To stretch his metaphor, one only had to stick one's nose out of the molehill to see that there was a different world waiting upon our escape. But the coils of the serpent are everywhere, diffuse and yet omnipresent. Individuals may feel that they can define themselves as subject because

Research Technique Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Technique Study - Essay Example This research options must be clarified in the early stage of the research planning. In this period of globalization, innovations has introduced the Internet that have generated new methods in conducting surveys, these surveys are done through electronic mail or e-mail and the World Wide Web. In e-mail surveys, the content of the survey is in the original message of the e-mail, in this case the respondents can complete the survey just by answering the original e-mail (Bradley, 1999). While Web surveys, are powered by host websites, in this case the respondents can just click on the website then complete the survey. Internet surveys are presently in trend mainly because of four accepted statements about how they pile up against more-conventional survey methods (Coomber, 1997): (1) the responses are quick; (2) they are equally even better than conventional surveys (3) they are much economical to perform; and (4) they are easier to implement. On the other hand, these statement may be true or not, depending on the individual conditions of the survey. In the most common sense, conducting market survey research using the Internet engages performance one or more events and examining the outcomes. Researchers perform testing for a broad range of basis, series from pre-testing a research design to challenging to process a measuring instrument. A widespread application engages examining fundamental hypotheses. Once suitable, a prescribed testing gives the most reliable proof of causation possible (Deacon ET. Al.:1999). To perform one, researchers must employ two things. First, researchers must influence at least one independent variable. One does not just watch and calculate an independent variable as it obviously takes place. As an alternative, it is restricted and diverse as part of the design of the study. Second, opportunity practices must decide whether or to what extent a person investigational contributor is depicted to the independent variable. This is also

Io Vidi in Terra and Baroque Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Io Vidi in Terra and Baroque Music - Essay Example It was on a Friday evening and the all roads were heading to Las Vegas where revelers were raring to go all the way till daybreak. I was one of them, considering that I had an undying love for rock music, and watching my favourite artists performing live was more than a blessing to me. One of the rock star artists, that I had always wished to watch performing live was Ray Collins. For sure, I will confirm that I could not believe that I was going to party all night long and dance to my favourite rock music. The stage was all ready with state of the art equipment and colorful lights sparkling intermittently. Big speakers were strategically set in all corners of the building, sending a clear picture of the deafening sounds that revelers will be presented with. Even ahead of the start of the concert, the building was packed to capacity. Anxiety could be read in everyone’s faces as many revelers kept streaming in. As the sounds of the speakers began exploding from every corner, ev eryone went wild. The diehard fans began screaming at the top of their voices. The massive stage was reverberating with the passionate sound of the guitar as the American finest rock stars started streaming in with style and full of spirit. The mammoth crowd began moving back and forth in an unremitting wave. There was hardly any individual space as everyone pushed and shoved others around them. At this time, the audience was crowded like the sea. I was shocked to realize how people adored rock music and much more partying all night long.

Finance Issues during the First Five Years of a New Company Essay

Finance Issues during the First Five Years of a New Company - Essay Example Accumulated losses of the first 3 years have only been neutralized in the last accounting period for which actual results are available. Consequently, the company has never declared a dividend and does not even forecast one for the first year of forecasted business results. Â  2. The Gross Margin has improved from 18.75% in 2004 to 21.57% in 2005. The forecast Gross Margin for 2006, at 22.92% is only slightly higher than the latest achievement of 2005. However, fuel costs, which are significant for a business such as that of PDS is forecast to rise to 26.04% of revenue, as against 25.49% in 2005 and 25% in 2004. It appears that PDS is not able to secure protection against a major inflation driver into its business contracts. However, PDS has been able to reduce variable labor expenses from 56.25% of revenue to just 52.94% in 2005 and expects the trend to continue with a forecast of just 51.04% in 2006. These are significant productivity gains in a challenging human resources environment. Similarly, staff salaries are forecast to remain constant in 2006 compared to 2005, though net profits will more than double. Â  3. Leased capacity utilization has improved very significantly during the past five years, considering the remarkable rise in revenues. However, depreciation at less than 5% of the gross block in vehicles seems to totally inadequate. The depreciation reserve is entirely inadequate and distorts the profitability picture, including the basis for taxation. Â  4. Though the debenture loan and bank overdraft show plenty of scope for gearing compared to the Gross Block, the company does not have any immovable fixed assets.

Reigh by Elizabeth I Essay Example for Free

Reigh by Elizabeth I Essay By 1571, Elizabeth I had solved most of her internal and external problems that she had faced at the beginning of her reign? Assess the validity of this view In 1558 Elizabeth inherited a throne encumbered with various internal and external problems, due to the actions in previous reigns of the ‘little Tudors’. Internal problems referred to predicaments occurring in England and personal issues with the monarch, e.g. the religious settlement of Catholicism in Mary Tudors reign and rebellions posed a significant problem of domestic policy at the beginning of Elizabeth’s reign. External problems refereed to dilemmas occurring outside of England, e.g. Mary’s loss of Calais in 1558 produced the external possibility of French invasion during Elizabeth’s reign. Along with debasement of the coinage and inflationary pressures, it is evident that Elizabeth was presented with formidable problems at the beginning of her reign. The first major internal problem faced by Elizabeth at the start of her reign was her gender. The idea of a female monarch met hostility in Tudor England and Elizabeth was faced with criticism by the Protestant preacher John Knox who wrote ‘to promote a woman to bear rule, superiority, dominion, or empire above any realm, nation or city is repugnant by nature and a insult to God.’ However Elizabeth overcame the issue of her gender in her appointment of administrators and management of political matters. Immediately after coming to the throne, Elizabeth successfully established her royal and political authority by appointing William Cecil as her principle secretary, a successful partnership in government which lasted 40 years. Elizabeth then appointed Thomas Parry as controller of the household and Robert Dudley as Master of the Horse. The appointment of her friends and supporters highlight that Elizabeth overcame her internal problem of her gender as Elizabeth had successfully established her authority, despite being a female queen she was supported by influentia l male figures, thus advocating to Tudor England that the her reign will not suffer from political instability as Edward VI and Mary I reigns did. Elizabeth was intelligent in not making any further appointments as it made political sense to keep speculation alive of Mary’s councillors being reappointed, a political motive that worked for Elizabeth as 9 of Mary councillors assured Elizabeth of their loyalty. Elizabeth then went on to reduce the number of privy councillors from 39 to 19, 10 of who had served Mary, and Elizabeth kept nobles such as the Earl of Winchester  who had long political experience and had shown his excellence as an exchequer. Reducing the number of privy councillors allowed policy making to be more efficient and created a form of collective responsibility and corporate decision making within the council, thus Elizabeth had solved the internal problem of her gender as her changes to the privy council also meant that no individual could exert huge amounts of influence over her and the fixed membership assured Elizabeth of the councillors loyalty, a issue which caused the downfall of Somerset in Edw ard VI’s reign. Thus this supports John Guys interpretation of Elizabeth that she ‘controlled her own policy more than any other Tudor’ and her ‘instinct to power was infallible’ Elizabeth further solved the issue of her gender by maintaining good relations with Parliament, Elizabeth managed some issues under royal prerogative and allowed all member of the privy council to play a role in the management of Parliament, especially Cecil who played a important role in the deliberations of the commons with C.Maccafrey describing Cecil as a ‘crowns manager of political business.’ The election of the speaker under Elizabeth’s was a strong political motive as it benefited the crown in enjoying management of the House of Commons. Thus Elizabeth had succeeded in maintaining a strong parliament; supported by John Guy view ‘legislative business was properly directed.’ Elizabeth further overcame her internal problem by using public relations to influence her political authority. At her coronation on the 15TH January Elizabeth was welcomed as Deborah ‘the judge and restorer of Israel’. To be likened to an influential female is evidence that Elizabeth overcame the issue of her gender at the beginning of her reign, as it highlights the public’s acceptance of her as Queen. However it is debated by a minority of revisionists that Elizabeth did not solve the internal problem of her gender at the beginning of her reign. This is due to the fact that during Elizabeth’s 45 year reign, Parliament only met for a total of 3 years, and 11 out of 13 parliamentary sessions were to ask for revenue. Thus this enforces the view that Elizabeth was unable to work with parliament, supported by the excessive use of royal prerogative over issues Elizabeth did not wish to discuss. It is further argued that Elizabeth did not solve the issue of her gender as she was over ruled by Cecil on many occasions, for example Cecil threatened to resign in 1560 if Engl and did not support him in Scottish policy. The issue of Bishop  Oglethorpe not elevating the host during Elizabeth’s coronation mass is further indication of the unsolved problems which were existent at the beginning of Elizabeth’s reign. However I believe that Elizabeth did overcome the issue of her gender, as unlike previous monarchs, Elizabeth was never threatened to be overpowered by one of her administrators, and according to her tutor Roger Ascham ‘her mind had no womanly weakness, her perseverance is equal to that of a man’, thus this interpretation supports the fact that Elizabeth overcame the issue of her gender due to her abilities of choosing first rate advisors and having the remarkable gift of winning the devotion of the public. A further internal problem faced by Elizabeth at the start of her reign was the religious settlement after 1558. The legal status of the church had not been altered with the death of Queen Mary thus meaning that the English church remained in communion with th e Church of Rome, however Elizabeth was protestant. Thus Elizabeth solved the internal problem of religion through the introduction of the 1559 religious settlement. The act embraced two sets of parliament, the Act of Supremacy 1559 and the Act of Uniformity 1559. The Act of Supremacy restored the royal supremacy of the church which had been removed under Mary, the act replied heresy laws which had been revived under Mary and re-established communion in both kinds. The act further defined Elizabeth to be ‘Supreme Governor’ and not Supreme Head of the church, reflecting the assumption that only God could be head of the church. The act of Uniformity specified the use of a single Book of Common Prayer, specified that ‘ornaments of the church and of the ministers thereof’ should be those that were there I the second year of the reign of Edward VI and the act further laid down a punishment of a shilling for not attending church. The 1559 religious settlement also enforced the 1559 injunctions, which were a set of rules about the conduct of church services and the government of the church issued in the Queens name as the Supreme Governor. The first injunction stressed the ‘suppression of superstition’ (catholic practises such as candles). Thus the 1559 religious settlement highlight how Elizabeth overcame the issue of religion as there was a now uniformed principles of church services. Elizabeth overcame the issue of many bishops resigning due to not being able to take the Oath of Supremacy by appointing 27 new bishops, many of whom had opposed Mary’s religious policies and would support Elizabeth in the House of Lords.  The appointment of Matthew Parker as archbishop of Canterbury was a conscious strategy to reshape the hierarchy of England and further evidence that Elizabeth overcame the religious issue left by Mary. Elizabeth’s dislike of clerical marriage and prevention of musical culture in cathedrals and catholic colleges highlights the extent to which Elizabeth created a erastian nature of the church. Although it is argued that Elizabeth did not successfully resolve the internal issue of religion as according to historians such as Peter Lake the religious settlement had a two speed view, Elizabeth’s view that the settlement was final and complete and then the view of bishops that the settlement was simply a interim arrangement and full scale reform needed to be implemented. The religious settlement was not seen final by many historians as Neale argues that the Queen was conscious of the dangerous political situation with France, and therefore used the 1559 religious settlement to gain parliamentary confirmation of royal supremacy and delay any other significant changes in her reign. The puritan challenges to the settlement are further evidence of the religious settlement not being successful. The vestments controversy occurred due to failure of the convocation of Canterbury 1563 to secure reform, thus many bishops decided they did not wish to follow the rules of clerical dr ess outlined in the Act of Uniformity as they believed the albs and copes to be ‘popish’ and ‘superstitious’. Thus the Queen summoned Parker to enforce the rules, thus Parker threatened to remove preaching licences of anyone that did not obey and in 1566 issued the ‘Advertisements’. However 37 clergymen refused to sign and were deprived of their posts, this conflict expresses that Elizabeth did not solve the issue of religion as it highlighted that the Queen could not enforce her will in all respects and highlighted fundamental issues in the relationship of the Crown and the Church. However Elizabeth succeeded in her religious settlement and overcame her internal problem, she wished not to make ‘windows into men’s souls’ and thus allowed the survival of Catholics. An external problem faced by Elizabeth at the start of her reign was the issue of her marriage and succession. When Elizabeth inherited the throne in 1558, it was assumed that she would marry a prince and continue the Tudor line, as failure to marry would bring around a troubled succession. There were a number of suitors for Elizabeth, arguably her favourite being Robert Dudley of whom she arguably had a  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœemotional dependency’ on, however the suspicious death of his wife Amy led to the marriage never occurring, which pleased Cecil who was horrified at the prospect of his own power and influence being eroded. Thus Elizabeth chose not to marry and not to choose a successor, however she overcame the internal problem of this. By remaining unmarried, her authority remained undiminished and Elizabeth maximized the diplomatic advantages from the prolonged marriage negotiations. She used marriage talks as a form of foreign policy, e.g. marriage talks with the Habsburgs minimised the possible Catholic backlash to her Religious Settlement, and she gained financial benefits from Eric of Sweden. Not naming a successor also had benefits for Elizabeth, as it avoided any factions arising in the privy council and any unnecessary competitions for influence and power, as Elizabeth once commented ‘if my successor were known to the world, I would never esteem my state to be safe†. Although it can be argued that as Elizabeth died the virgin queen, she did not solve the issue of her marriage and succession due to never being married. As Elizabeth did not produce her own natural protestant heir, Elizabeth faced real threats from Mary Queen of Scots. Many English Catholics supported Mary’s claim to the throne and when Mary arrived in England there were several plots to dethrone or assassinate Elizabeth including the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. Although after Elizabeth’s death, James Stewart inherited the throne in a unchallenged succession, thus Elizabeth had solved the problem. The issue of foreign policy was Elizabeth’s biggest external problem during her reign. Elizabeth had inherited the throne at a time where finances were weak, with Sir John Mason declaring ‘our state can no longer bear these wars’. Thus Elizabeth wanted to secure Calais and conclude peace with the Scottish Queen as Elizabeth commented that â €˜the greatest burden of these wars resteth uponth Scotland’. Thus Elizabeth resolved issues of foreign policy in her reign by the signing of the Chaetae Cambersis in 1559 which brought peace along England, Scotland, France and Spain, France would retain Calais for eight years and then would be returned to England providing England had kept peace. However external problems of foreign policy occurred again after the death of Henry II who was succeeded by his son Francis who was married to Mary Queen of Scots. This led to a strong guise faction in France who sought to make Scotland an instrument of French policy making.. Thus England was  faced with the threat of invasion from Scotland and France. However Elizabeth resolved this issue by sending the Navy to the firth of forth to block French reinforcements from landing and sending an army to Leith where the bulk of the French force were situated. Elizabeth’s intervention meant the siege failed, and in 1560 the Treaty of Edinburgh was signed which forced Mary Queen of Scots to recognise E lizabeth as Queen and effectively weakened the Franco-Scottish alliance. Elizabeth had also succeeded in foreign policy with Spain as she avoided having a civil war with Spain, the policy of harassment by taking money from Spanish ships in Cornwell and Devon strengthened England’s finances. However it can be argued that Elizabeth did not solve the issue of foreign policy, Anglo Spanish and Anglo Dutch relations came to a halt after the Spanish harassments meaning that loyalty with Phillip had disintegrated thus Phillip began to support plots against Elizabeth such as the Ridolfi plot and the 1569 Northern Rebellion. Although I believe Elizabeth did solve her external problem to a small extent, as relations were improved but would still be another 14 years until Elizabeth could feel secure from threats to English stability. Thus at the end of her 45 year long reign, it is concrete to state that Elizabeth did successfully conquer most of her external and internal problems she faced at the beginning of her reign. Known as the ‘Golden Age’ by many historians Elizabeth was able to establish a secure Church of England and her reign also saw significant expansion overseas. Great explorers were encouraged such as Sir Francis Drake, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Sir John Hawkins. She achieved an excellent reputation as a good and wise ruler, who was truly loved by her people she was highly accomplished in the art of rhetoric and Public Relations Queen Elizabeth I surrounded herself with highly intelligent and loyal advisors such as Sir William Cecil, Sir Francis Walsingham and Sir Robert Cecil who gave her sound political advice and unlike the reigns of Edward and Mary, Elizabeth was able to expand overseas. Thus the internal and external problems at the beginning of reign soon became insignificant hurdles for the great queen, whose monarch is still described by historians today to be the greatest monarch in England.

Shakespeares portrayal of Hotspur in Act 3 Scene 1 Essay Example for Free

Shakespeares portrayal of Hotspur in Act 3 Scene 1 Essay With close reference used to dramatic methods, discuss Shakespeare’s portrayal of Hotspur in Act 3 Scene 1. Hotspur has several ongoing characteristics in the play, with the main one that is constantly being brought forward is his egotism that shows in his interaction with other characters. In line 16, after listening to Glendower’s boast, Hotspur feels that his ego has been threatened. This character development tells us that Hotspur doesn’t like to be outshone by others. â€Å"Why, so can I, or so can any man, but will they come when you do call for them?† Hotspur’s taunting tone is shown here as he claims anyone can do what Glendower says he can do, but questions if it will actually work, belittling him. â€Å"Methinks my moiety, north from Burton here, in quantity equals not one of yours.† Hotspur believes he deserves more, and he would re-route the channel to get his way; â€Å"And here the smug and silver Trent shall run in a new channel, fair and evenly. It shall not wind with such a deep indent, to rob me of so rich a bottom here.† Hotspur wants more of what he has already got and isn’t grateful for his shares, with this showing his self-centered and egocentric personality. Hotspur constantly speaks in a derisive tone to others and often rudely interrupts them in pieces of dialogue. In this particular scene, Hotspur is being portrayed by Shakespeare as a disrespectful character. He bluntly denies Glendower’s boast about his magic powers and mocks him when he mentions the meteor shower that occurred on the night of his birth, â€Å"Why, so it would have done at the same season if your mother’s cat had but kittened, though yourself had never been born.†, which lets his antagonistic ego to foster friction between his allies. His obvious opinions is not necessarily a bad trait however, as this shows us that he wears his heart on his sleeve, and is very honest with others; whether it be negative or positive. â€Å"Let me not understand you, then; speak it in Welsh.† This recurring characteristic adds character development to Hotspur. When it comes to plot development, Hotspur forgetting the map at the start of the scene shows that he is impractical and has a lack of foresight. Also, his lack of sophistication and refinement is shown when he insults literature, meaning Shakespeare portrays Hotspur as very uncultured. His fiery and argumentative side is exhibited with his use of imagery in the scene, however his political naivety in also revealed as he allows personal feelings to intrude on his personal relationships, and presents his lack of diplomatic maturity. Hotspur’s arrogance is exposed when he begins arguing for the sake of arguing after interaction with Glendower in a battle of wills makes Hotspur boast after Glendower gives in, and once again feeds into his egotistical side. Another thing established in this scene is Hotspur’s reputation, as after more interaction with Glendower, he reveals what others say about him and that he has a renowned, infamous and fearsome reputation. Hotspur is known to be a brave, ruthless warrior in battle. His short temper and reckless attitude has not only gained himself a nickname, but also a rash status. Hotspur’s best trait, his boldness and quick temper, is also his worst flaw, as he may be valiant in battle but cannot manipulate or work with allies, and is very tactless. His quick temper causes him to alienate Glendower, one of his family’s most important allies, which is not a smart move. Hotspur is not only rude to his allies, but also his Lady. He jokes to her â€Å"Come, Kate, thou art perfect in lying down. Come, quick, quick, that I may lay my head in thy lap.† He later says â€Å"Come, Kate, I’ll have your song too.† To which she replies â€Å"Not mine, in good sooth.† Instead of letting it go, Hotspur becomes enraged at Lady Percy; â€Å"Not yours, in good sooth! Heart, you swear like a comfit-maker’s wife!† He tries one last time to convince her â€Å"Come, sing.† But she still won’t, to which he leaves in anger; â€Å"I’ll away within these two hours, and so come in when ye will.† and leaves her in tears. Hotspur disregards other’s feelings and wishes, even his Lady’s. This brings up Hotspur’s cruel ways and his childlike actions when he does not get his way, along with his selfishness, and his irresponsibility towards his personal relationships. In this scene, Shakespeare continues to portray Hotspur with a mocking attitude, a hot tempered mind, his open mind and the fact that he is a ruthless fighter, and starts to bring up his self centered, impatient and immature acts, that is mainly brought to our attention through his interaction with other characters and his actions during heated and normal moments, from battle, to conversations in the Boar’s Head Tavern.

John Keats: Ode On A Grecian Urn

John Keats: Ode On A Grecian Urn Thou still unravishd bride of quietness[im1], Thou foster-child [im2]of silence and slow time, Sylvan [im3]historian, who canst thus express A flowery [im4]tale more sweetly[im5] than our rhyme: What leaf-fringd legend haunts[im6] about thy shape Of deities or mortals, or of both,[im7] In Tempe [im8]or the dales of Arcady[im9][im10]? What men or gods are these? What maidens loth? What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape?[im11] What pipes and timbrels? What [im12]wild ecstasy? Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard[im13] Are sweeter; therefore, ye soft pipes[im14], play on; Not to the sensual ear, but, more endeard, Pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone[im15]: Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare;[im16] Bold[im17] Lover, never, never canst thou kiss, Though winning near the goal yet, do not grieve; She cannot fade[im18], though thou [im19]hast not [im20]thy bliss, For ever wilt thou love, and she be fair![im21] Ah, happy, happy [im22]boughs! that cannot shed Your leaves, nor ever bid the Spring adieu; And, happy melodist, unwearied[im23], For ever piping songs for ever new;[im24] More happy love! more happy, happy love! For ever warm and still to be enjoyd, For ever panting[im25], and for ever young; All breathing human passion far above[im26], That leaves a heart high-sorrowful and cloyd[im27][im28], A burning forehead, and a parching tongue. Who are these coming to the sacrifice? To what green altar, O mysterious priest, Leadst thou that heifer lowing at the skies, And all her silken flanks with garlands drest? What little town by river or sea shore, Or mountain-built with peaceful citadel[im29], Is emptied of this folk, this pious morn? And, little town, thy streets for evermore Will silent be; and not a soul to tell Why thou art desolate, can eer return. O Attic shape! Fair attitude! with brede Of marble men and maidens overwrought[im30], With forest branches and the trodden weed; Thou, silent form[im31], dost tease us out of thought As doth eternity: Cold Pastoral![im32] When old age shall this generation waste, Thou shalt remain, in midst of other woe Than ours, a friend to man, to whom thou sayst, Beauty is truth, truth beauty[im33],-that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. Background: Keats felt inspired after reading two Benjamin Haydon articles, he was aware of Greek art and he had first hand exposure to the Elgin marbles. Reinforced his belief that Greek art was idealistic and captured Greek virtues which form the basis of the poem. He wrote the Odes when he left his job as assistant house surgeon in London, to devote himself entirely to the composition of poetry. Living with his friend Charles Brown, the 23-year-old was burdened with money problems and despaired when his brother George sought his financial assistance. Relationships between the soul, eternity, nature, and art. Keats was a second generation of Romantic poet, he took a polite subject a study of a Greek pot commonly spoken about by the Augustans and traditional odes and turned it into a loud, over-the-top celebration of music, sex, and youth. Structure: Attempted to write sonnets but found the rhyme scheme did not match the message he was trying to convey, so he turned to the ode form. But he found the Pindaric form inadequate for discussing philosophy. So, he developed his own kind. Further altered his ode style for Nightingale and Grecian Urn by adding a secondary voice- creating a dialogue. Keats uses ekphrasis, (the poetic representation of a painting or sculpture in words) but differently from Theocrituss Idyll, a classical poem describing a design on the side of a cup, Theocritus describes motion and underlying motives whilst Keats focuses solely on the external features of the cup but makes the reader think about the underlying motives. Ten-line stanzas, beginning with an ABAB rhyme scheme (alternate rhyme) and ending with a Miltonic sestet (1st and 5th stanzas CDEDCE, 2nd stanza CDECED, and 3rd and 4th stanzas CDECDE, the Keatsian Structure). The same overall pattern is used in Ode on Indolence, Ode on Melancholy, and Ode to a Nightingale (though their sestet rhyme schemes vary), which unify the poems in structure as well as theme. Creates the sense of a two-part thematic structure as well. The first four lines of each stanza roughly define the subject of the stanza, and the last six roughly explicate or develop it. Ode in Greek, means sung. While ode-writers from antiquity adhered to rigid patterns of strophe, antistrophe, and epode, the form by Keatss time had undergone enough transformation that it represented a manner rather than a set method for writing a certain type of lyric poetry. Keatss odes seek to find a classical balance between two extremes, and in the structure of Ode on a Grecian Urn, classical literature and the asymmetry of Romantic poetry. The use of the ABAB structure in the beginning lines of each stanza represents a clear example of structure found in classical literature, and the remaining six lines appear to break free of the traditional poetic styles of Greek and Roman odes. Keats metre reflects a conscious development in his poetic style. The poem contains only a single instance of medial inversion (the reversal of an iamb in the middle of a line), which was common in his earlier works. Keats incorporates spondees in 37 of the 250 metrical feet. Caesurae are never placed before the fourth syllable in a line. The word choice represents a shift from Keats early reliance on Latinate polysyllabic words to shorter, Germanic words. In the second stanza, Ode on a Grecian Urn, which emphasizes words containing the letters p, b, and v, uses syzygy, the repetition of a consonantal sound. The poem incorporates a complex reliance on assonance, which is found in very few English poems. Line 13 where the e of sensual connects with the e of endeard and the ea of ear connects with the ea of endeard. A more complex form is found in line 11 the ea of Heard connecting to the ea of unheard, the o of melodies connecting to the o of those and the u of but connecting to the u of unheard. Themes: Like many Keatsian odes, Ode on a Grecian Urn discusses art and arts audience. He relied on depictions of natural music in earlier poems, and works such as Ode to a Nightingale appeal to auditory sensations while ignoring the visual. Keats reverses this when describing an urn within Ode on a Grecian Urn to focus on representational art. He previously used the image of an urn in Ode on Indolence, depicting one with three figures representing Love, Ambition and Poesy. Of these three, Love and Poesy are integrated into Ode on a Grecian Urn with an emphasis on how the urn, as a human artistic construct, is capable of relating to the idea of Truth. The images of the urn described within the poem are intended as obvious depictions of common activities: an attempt at courtship, the making of music, and a religious rite. The figures are supposed to be beautiful, and the urn itself is supposed to be realistic. Although the poem does not include the subjective involvement of the narrator, the description of the urn within the poem implies a human observer that draws out these images. The narrator interacts with the urn in a manner similar to how a critic would respond to the poem, which creates ambiguity in the poems final lines: Beauty is truth, truth beauty, that is all / Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. The lack of a definite voice of the urn causes the reader to question who is really speaking these words, to whom they are speaking, and what is meant by the words, which encourages the reader to interact with the poem in an interrogative manner like the narrator. The urn, as a piece of art, requires an audience and is in an incomplete state on its own. This allows the urn to interact with humanity, to put forth a narrative, and allows for the imagination to operate. The images on the urn provoke the narrator to ask questions, and the silence of the urn reinforces the imaginations ability to operate. This interaction and use of the imagination is part of a greater tradition called ut pictura poesis the contemplation of art by a poet which serves as a meditation upon art itself. In this meditation, the narrator dwells on the aesthetic and mimetic features of art. The figures on the urn within Ode on a Grecian Urn lack identities, but the first section ends with the narrator believing that if he knew the story, he would know their names. The second section of the poem, describing the piper and the lovers, meditates on the possibility that the role of art is not to describe specifics but universal characters, which falls under the term Truth. The three figures would represent how Love, Beauty, and Art are unified together in an idealised world where art represents the feelings of the audience. The audience is not supposed to question the events but instead to rejoice in the happy aspects of the scene in a manner that reverses the claims about art in Ode to a Nightingale. Similarly, the response of the narrator to the sacrifice is not compatible with the response of the narrator to the lovers. Narrator contemplates where the boundaries of art lie and how much an artist can represent on an urn. The questions the narrator asks to reveal a yearning to understand the scene, but the urn is too limited to allow such answers. Furthermore, the narrator is able to visualise more than what actually exists on the urn. This conclusion on art is both satisfying, in that it allows the audience to actually connect with the art, and alienating, as it does not provide the audience the benefit of instruction or narcissistic fulfilment. Besides the contradictions between the various desires within the poem, there are other paradoxes that emerge as the narrator compares his world with that of the figures on the urn. In the opening line, he refers to the urn as a bride of quietness, which serves to contrast the urn with the structure of the ode, a type of poem originally intended to be sung. Another paradox arises when the narrator describes immortals on the side of an urn meant to carry the ashes of the dead. In terms of the actual figures upon the urn, the image of the lovers depicts the relationship of passion and beauty with art. In Ode to a Nightingale and Ode on Melancholy, Keats describes how beauty is temporary. However, the figures of the urn are able to always enjoy their beauty and passion because of their artistic permanence. The urns description as a bride invokes a possibility of consummation, which is symbolic of the urns need for an audience. [im1]Apostrophe: Silences the Urn and projects a voice, his own onto it allowing him to speak on its behalf. [im2]Married to Mr. Quietness but they have never consummated their marriage despite ravished imagery. Also, adopted by silence and time but these were not the originally circumstances, the true parent is the silent painter and ceremonial use. After the decline on Greece the pot continued to live on. [im3]Means Forest, the Urn is a historian of people of the woods. [im4]As well as the bee imagery flowery is a pun as a flowery tale is very complicated, also an urn had a flowery or leafy border. [im5]Flower and sweetly is metaphor for bees and nature, he believes that the Urn can tell a better story, with nature like unlike poetry, both are true beauty and show nature. [im6]Exist in one place- but has obvious connections to the supernatural and the dead characters. [im7]In ancient Greece Gods were represented as normal people so it would be hard to tell the difference, Gods also liked to be in company with people. In a way, the poems rigid rhyme and meter is very understated bringing parallels to God. Effortless on the surface highly intricate underneath you wouldnt know what you were looking for unless you sough it out.. [im8]The Vale of Tempe was home for a time to Aristaeus, son of Apollo and Cyrene, and it was here that he chased Eurydice, wife of Orpheus, who, in her flight, was bitten by a serpent and died. In the thirteenth century AD a church dedicated to Aghia (Saint) Paraskevi was erected in the valley. [im9]Tempe and Arcady are allusions to two regions of Ancient Greece known for being particularly lush and green. They become stock symbols in English poetry for places where people lived in the forest. [im10]Vision of pastoralism in nature. [im11]USE of ekphrasis, the poetic representation of a painting or sculpture in words. [im12]Repetition of questions (anaphora) that the speaker cannot comprehend draws parallels to the interaction between Job and God. Something that is godly like nature or beautiful art is incomprehensible for man we can do our best to try to understand it only. [im13]ASSONANCE: ea of Heard connecting to the ea of unheard, the o of melodies connecting to the o of those and the u of but connecting to the u of unheard. [im14]Unlike the wild party music in the chase in stanza 1 the soft pipes give a soothed atmosphere [im15]Paradox: the sweetest melodies are the ones that you do not hear. Keats is tricking the audience: he treats the people as if they are real people in real events living on the Urn just in frozen time The Urns beauty allows him to think of a song in his head that the man is playing and its more beautiful than anything that he has ever heard before. Aka he prefers the fantasy world to the real one. [im16]Edenic, it shall always be spring here with the man under the tree always playing his sweet music for his spirit. [im17]Another apostrophe [im18]No surprise that he is so obsessed with immortality, he had just contracted TB.. [im19]Greece had connections to higher society and was rebellious, he uses anachronistic diction to make this connection with the constant repetition of thou- its made to sound fancy. [im20]Keats says not to grieve but continues to use negative phrasing even in these lines: do not grieve, cannot fade, and hast not thy bliss. Keats may have made a mistake, or there may be a reason for this negative undertone [im21]SYZYG: Repetition of the consonant sound b v p in particular, breaking his reliance on Latinate polysyllabic words to shorter, Germanic words. [im22]Potentially trying to convince himself that he is happy allegorically he is actually happy. [im23]Pronounced un-wear-i-ed to preserve the iambic pentameter. Potentially comparing himself to the happy melodist who too draws out notes/syllables. [im24]Stuck in the same time forever its always new nothing shall ever grow old. [im25]Repetition shows the eternal nature of the urn which is observed here. Panting from being chased in S1 as well as sexual connotations. Alternatively, with the rhythm pulsating and the repetition of speech he is growing sexually excited himself. [im26]Could be the speaker standing above the urn or it could suggest that the lovers are better of above human passion and they are actually all Gods, preserved and beautiful- living on forever as long as they are remembered. [im27]If it is the speaker standing high above then it must be his heart that is sorrow filled, looking at those in love sadden him. Uses metonym to connect them. Words that give meaning to another i.e. Westminster = House of Parliament, Downing Street = Prime Minister. [im28]Too much of something good. [im29]Oxymoron peaceful fortress [im30]Overcomplicated- too good for us Godly. [im31]Apostrophe and personificationÂÂ   is cyclical like looking around the urn in a circle. [im32]The poet compares the experience of looking at the urn to thinking about eternity, an idea so lofty and hard to understand that trying to think about it is like not thinking at all. [im33]Simple chiasmus acts as synecdoche for the poem. Due Process and Crime Control Models: Compare and Contrast Due Process and Crime Control Models: Compare and Contrast The purpose of this paper is to research both the Due Process and Crime Control Models. After researching each of the topics, they will be discussed in further detail. Both of the models will be compared and contrasted as well. Both of the models have proven to be well known and used throughout the United States, as well as many other parts of the world; both models have been used since the 1960s. The contemporary state court system status and the model that is used there will be discussed further in the paper. Both of the models named above are very complex systems that are used in criminal justice systems throughout the United States as well as many other parts of the world. The models were developed as some type of guideline to aid in the arrest and prosecution of criminals. The purposes of the two models are to help maintain safety is society, as well as protect the rights of the suspect in various situations and scenarios. In order to fully understand both of the models, each system must be viewed separate and together. Various models and techniques have been used in the criminal justice system since its development, some of the models have been more structured than others, some have been less structured than others. When evaluated, some of the different models have worked well in some areas, while other models have not appeared to be beneficial at all. Literature Review Choongh (1998) provided readers with information regarding the limitations of Packers crime control and due process models, which were developed in the 1960s. Choongh informed readers that the crime control model follows procedures very closely, as well as screen suspects, determines guilt, and secures punishment all according to written policies, procedures, and laws. Choongh suggested that there are some problems with the model. One of the problems is that the model defines efficiency by speed and finality. This could possibly be beneficial in some ways, but could also cause harm in other ways; the quicker the investigation the more likely that the work may be incomplete or sloppy. The due process model is more concerned with individual integrity and autonomy. The main purpose of the due process model is to maintain close control over the power of the state. Choongh reported that neither model is effective, this is because the investigations are not thorough enough, court processes are rushed, and prosecutors and law enforcement rush to accusing a person of guilt rather than taking their time and finding the real villain. Henham (1998) provided readers with information about the rights-based approach. The author explained that there is a large need for a rights-based approach to be used for criminals during the sentencing process. Henham feels that the crime control model and the due process model are not adequate. The crime control model is based on repressing criminal activity and maintaining a low crime rate. The due process model focuses mainly the protection of the individual through stressing adherence to courtroom procedures. The rights-based approach is concerned to postulate a number of fundamental normative propositions that have moral, rather than empirical validity. The crime control model and the due process model do not provide adequate choices to criminals when mental health problems are involved, but a rights-based approach would address several areas that the other models do not address. Henham felt that people who suffer from different mental disorders are essentially being discrimin ated against, by not providing for their need. Schrieber, Renneberg, and Macracker (2009) and Tucker, Hasselt, and Russell (2008) all wrote about the criminal justice system, mentally ill patients, and the professionals inadequate training for dealing with the mentally ill. All of the above authors agreed that there is a great need for special training and possibly special crime models that should be used when police are dealing with mentally ill criminals. Recently there has been a rise in the number of cases that law enforcement officials have responded to in which mentally ill individuals were the reason the police were called. Schrieber, Renneberg, and Macracker reported that the criminal justice system is not capable of dealing with offenders who suffer from mental disorders that uncontrollable. Recent studies have shown that law enforcement officials have are generally the first contact with mentally ill suspects in criminal cases, but also in many cases that are not criminal and have to be dealt with through social service programs. The authors reported that the models need to be reorganized so that the criminal justice system will be more sensitive to individuals who suffer from major depression, post traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, and psychosis. Rehabilitation is very important for individuals who have these disorders and the treatment that they need is not offered in many of the detainment facilities that criminals are sent to. Klein (2006) wrote about the crime control model. She reported that the crime control model has a very reliable process for screening suspects, and many of the criminals that are charged with crime using this model, will spend time in jail or prison, because the system is so reliable. Klein also wrote about the due process model and how it helps an individual to maintain some autonomy during the criminal justice process. Even though there is room for improvement in the areas of pleading and discovery, Klein supports most of the aspects in each model and the basis behind them. Duff (1998) wrote about the crime control model and the due process model and how the models are viewed in the criminal justice system. Duff reported that the due process model does not agree with the majority of cases in which criminal are sanctioned for their crimes, this is because if the crimes do not involve any harm to others, Duff feels that the criminal should be punished les severely. Roach (1999) provided readers with information about four different models used in the criminal justice system. Roach directed more attention to the due process model and the crime control model. Roach explained Herbert Packer provided professionals with a guide to criminal justice systems by using these models. Both of the authors reported that if the crime control model is used correctly, most criminals plead guilty to the charge or the prosecuting attorney withdrawals the charges. Roach, as well as Duff reported that both models were not only efficient, but also very durable in order to with stand as many years as they have. Edkins (2007) provided readers with information about the due process model and its purpose of helping suspects maintain their individual rights during the criminal justice process. Edkins also provided readers with information about the crime control model and its purpose of making sure that all convicted criminals have harsh punishments. Edkins gave information about seven different studies that were completed which measured attitudes about the due process and crime. Vance and Trani (2008) conducted numerous studies on the crime control model and the due process model. The authors are not in agreement with the crime control model, but they do support the due process model. Vance and Trani reported that both of the models have ethical standards and should be supported across the board, but the in some places, law enforcement and prosecuting attorneys will not support either of the models. The authors reported that there are many reasons for different crime models, some of these purposes are to help catch criminals, detain them, and reduce crime. Arias and Ungar (2009) wrote about Latin Americans and the impact that the two models have on their lifestyle. The authors informed readers that the purpose of the crime control mode is to reduce crime and the purpose of the due process model is to protect individual rights of the accused when it is used as a guide for the criminal justice process. Discussion Due Process The basis of the due process model is formal structure. When used correctly, the due process model protects the rights of suspects accused of various crimes. The due process model reduces many errors that occur during the investigation, arrest, evidence gathering, and trial. Due process does not support much of the evidence that is used in many criminal trials, and there are many reasons and factors for this. Basically, the due process model criticizes every type of evidence except definitive physical evidence that cannot be disputed. The object of looking at evidence in the due process model is deciding what information may be incorrect, falsified, or coerced from an individual. This has occurred on many occasions when other criminals have testified against the suspect, because they may be rewarded with time off of their sentence or other things. Because the main goal of the due process model us to reduce mistakes that can place an innocent person in prison, the process is very slow (Henham, 1998 Klein, 2006). Crime Control The idea of the crime control model is to decrease crime in all areas; for this to be done criminal conduct needs to be drastically reduced. Many of the problems that arise in the crime control model is directed at law enforcement officials. People commit crimes and get away with them, then it may create a higher crime rate because their likely to be more followers. The crime control model directs more attention in investigating, screening people, establishing guilt, seeking harsher punishments for individuals who have committed crimes (Roach, 1999). For the crime control model to work appropriately, the processes must be efficient. Higher arrest and conviction rates need to be seen, as a way of deterring other people from committing crimes. The investigation and arrest process needs to be expedient, so that fewer resources are used on each client. The main purpose of the crime control model is for the there to be enough evidence gathered that the suspects pleads guilty to the charges, and there is no need to waste time, money, or effort on a trial that may last for a unknown amount of time (Duff, 1998). The crime control model utilizes law enforcement officials and prosecuting attorneys to establish the innocence or guilt of a suspect early during the investigation. Individuals who are most likely guilty of committing such crimes progress through the criminal justice systems with great speed; they either plead guilty to such crimes, or they are found innocent or guilty in a criminal trial. , the less likely to find the evidence needed, and the more money spent on the investigation (Klein, 2006). Similarities and Differences between the Two Models The main goal of the due process model is for individuals to be treated fairly in the criminal justice system, so they will not be deprived anything that they deserve in life of they are innocent. The due process model explains that all individuals have a right to freedom and security, unless they are guilty of committing a crime. The crime control model does not hold an individuals rights in high regard, and feels that criminals should be caught at all cost (Roach, 1999). The crime control model puts a lot of their trust into law enforcement officials and prosecuting attorneys to complete the criminal investigations. Depending on the amount of work put into the investigation and the quality of the work that is done, many suspects will either plead guilty, therefore there is no trial. Speed and finality two tasks the crime control model looks to complete (Roach, 1999). When people are arrested for a crime, they are seen as innocent until they actually admit to or are convicted of such crimes (Klein, 2006). When dealing with the due process model, policing society in a positive nature becomes a very vital issue. Followers of the crime control model feel that the number of arrests may deter other criminals from committing crimes, by showing them that the criminal justice system does work (Klein, 2006). Much of the population is in favor of the due process model, because of reasons such as equality, human rights, and freedom. Undert the United States Constitution each individual has certain rights, and the due process model helps to maintain and restore these rights (Henham, 1998). Law enforcement agencies generally prefer the crime control model; they treat suspects who are arrested as though they have already been found guilty (Henham, 1998). The due process model protects individuals with the 4th and 8th amendments which address the issues of illegal searches on individuals suspected of crimes, as well as the right not to incriminate ones self (Choongh, 1998). State Court Systems Model of Choice It appears that each of the models are very unique and are used for different purposes. Just as different defense attorneys have different styles and models that they follow, so do law enforcement officials and prosecuting attorneys. The model that is used is completely up to the individual who is gathering the information and investigating the crime. In an ideal world, the due process model would be the model of choice, because it helps keep the rights of individuals intact, as well as serving its purpose in the criminal justice system. Both the crime control model and the due process model have a positive side as well as a negative. The United States criminal justice system and judicial system has debated the subject of which models are the most beneficial for numerous years, but no common ground has been reached. Two of the main factors that are looked at when making a decision such as this are, which model helps maintain social order, and which model helps reduce the risk of imprisoning innocent individuals. As close as these two factors are related, the answer should be simplistic, however it is not. In the criminal justice system, these factors actually conflict with one another, therefore there is not a common system that came be used for both of the factors. Maintaining and restoring social order is best maintained by the crime control model, whereas protecting individual rights is best maintained by the due process model (Edkins, 2007). The population that law enforcement officials are serving may affect the crime model that they decide to use. Areas with high crime rate may be better served by using the crime control model, whereas areas with less crime may be better served by the due process model. Along with the population, the type of crimes that are being committed may also be a factor in which model is chosen. Areas that suffer from drug trafficking and violence may be best served by using the crime control model, whereas areas that suffer from trespassing and burglaries may be best served by using the due process model. The crime control model implies that law enforcement and prosecuting attorneys act promptly to allegations and investigate them more thoroughly at a later time, but the due process model requires careful consideration in each and every case, prior to arresting individuals (Duff, 1998). Conclusion Both of the models have very different key points. Both of the models have different methods that are used to reach a common goal. If the main goal of the United States Criminal Justice System is to maintain social order and protect the rights of individuals, then there is no way to utilize just one of the two models. The crime control model appears to be the best model used for maintain and restoring order in society. In the ideal world, decisions would not be made in haste. But in order to complete a job and catch certain criminals, then there has to be room for quick decisions, even if it becomes clear that the decisions that were made were wrong. Each state, county, and city has their own way of operating and reducing crime. Unfortunately at times innocent people are brought into the mix, this is a chance that has to be taken in order to have a fully functioning criminal justice system. Scholars have researched for many years how to make the criminal justice system work by following one model, but at this time nobody has been successful in developing such a model. Family: Social Construct And Institution Family: Social Construct And Institution In this essay I intend to discuss the family as a social construct and institution. I will be critically discussing the different forms of the family, and the role of the family within society from four sociological perspectives. The family as a social structure is often taken for granted to mean a married couple with children, possibly incorporating grandparents and directly linked blood relatives. This stereotypical view does not take into account a changing society with changing norms and values. It is important when discussing the family in a sociological context to define the family in a wider perspective. Ferrante (2011) suggests that the family is often described as a social institution that binds people together through various means, blood, marriage, norms and law. According to Zelditch (1964) as cited in Ferrante (2011) there is no concrete group which can be universally identified as the family. Several institutions including political parties, the legal system and the media have been blamed for creating the cereal packet family but not all sociologists agree with what appears to be typical British family. Gittins (1993) as cited in Marsh and Keating (2006) states The ideology of the family would have us believe that there is one type of family, one correct way in which individuals should live and interact with each otherAn ideology that claims that there is only one type of family can never matched in reality, for it represents an ideal to which only some can approximate, an others not at all. During the last century the concept of the family has altered, this is partly due to industrialisation, modernity, changing norms and values and the media. The family can now be seen to have many dimensions, what was considered to be deviant or diverse is often accepted as a norm. Some sociologists argue that during the nineteenth century, post industrialisation, social order, or kinship, a network of relatives (kin) who are connected by common decent or marriage. (Fulcher and Scott 2007) began to alter. Communities that were based on traditional shared values of religion and community changed. Cottage industries began to disappear and families moved from rural areas into towns and cities the nature of the of kinship began to diminish. The economic and social life of this type of family relationship changed, according to Ritzer and Ryan (2011) Rural people were lured by the novelty of city life and the prospects of greater economic opportunity. The domestic economy of the pre-industrial family disappeared. The industrial revolution provided factory work for men leaving the females to take a more prominent role as the caregivers, the family dynamics began to alter creating a major change in the division of labour within the family. Industrialisation was identified by many as having sounded the death knell for this way of life, destroying extended families and undermining communities. (Ogburn 1955 as cited in Gillies 2003). The extended family tends to include generations of family extending both horizontally and vertically including connections my marriage and blood. It is argued by some sociologists that industry has destroyed the traditions of the extended family and the social bonding of kinship, leading to the nuclear family. Talcott Parsons (1949) as cited in Fulcher and Scott (2007) stressed that in the absence of the extended family and kinship, the nuclear family met the needs of a changed society. However Laslett and Wall (1972) as cited in Fulcher and Scott (2007) suggest that the nuclear family has always been the more dominant family type throughout the history of family life. The functionalist approach to the family suggests that the family itself is responsible for ensuring that vital tasks are achieved. Functionalists believe that social institutions such as schools, churches, political systems and the family are all essential to the structure of an effective functioning society and all of these institutions inter relate with each other for the benefit of the whole of society, if one aspect of the structure does not function adequately then society will inevitably experience some form of failure and conflict. Functionalists suggest that the family is one of the most important institutions responsible for the successful raising of a child and parents play a key role in ensuring that children become well integrated within society. Murdock (1949) conducted a study based on two hundred and fifty societies with the aim of discovering if the family was universal. His conclusion was that the nuclear family was a universal social institution that comprised of four basic functions. These he called, sexual relationships, economic cooperation among members, reproduction and the socialisation of infants and children. (Stark, 2010) Murdocks theory has been criticised by many non functionalist sociologists suggesting that his study focussed on the nuclear family and did not take into account other family forms. Gough (1959) argued that Murdocks theory did not take into account societies such as the Nayar, where one woman could have up to twelve potential fathers to a child and a man could have an unlimited amount of wives. Support came from brothers, sisters and children not from potential fathers. This system was based purely on kinship groups. Gough suggests that the existence of the Nayar was not based on economic cooperation between husbands and wives, the socialisation of infants was provided by the women and their kinship groups, and any affectionate relationship between men and women was prohibited. Goughs criticism can be closely compared to family groups in British society today looking at family units that do not meet Murdocks nuclear family theory these families could be single parent families or fami lies consisting of same sex couples. (Bell 1968) Parsons (1959) as cited in Macionis (2012) argued that the family retains two primary functions, these functions are found in all forms of family thought out the world. He suggests that the primary socialisation of children is the first and most important setting for child rearing and parents are in the position to ensure children are able to become well integrated into society and the structuring of the personality in the early years leads to contributing members of society. He acknowledges that family socialisation continues throughout the life cycle but secondary socialisation becomes more dominant as the child develops due to the family being less involved, and agencies such as schools and peer groups become involved. Parsons as cited in Harolambos and Holborn (2008) argued that families are factories which produce human personalities. Parsons second observation of the family was the stabilisation of the adult personality arguing that men and women who have deep personal relationships will lead content and fulfilling lives which in turn will improve family life removing some of the tensions that the family may face such as work and relationships. Marxist sociologists may argue that although family life can be fulfilling and happy the fact that contemporary British society is based on capitalism, which results in exploitation, family members will inevitably be placed under financial strain and tension which can cause problems of discontent and the breakdown of the family unit. Criticisms were that his theory was outdated and based on the ideology of the nuclear family alone. Marxist writers in the 1970s put forward a different perspective of the family they argued that the capitalist system exploits the free domestic labour of the housewife through the domestic division of labour. (Fulcher and Scott 2007). They argue that the concept of the nuclear family promotes the role of the man to be the breadwinner and the woman to be the housewife which has led women, if wanting to work, becoming the reserve army therefore being called upon when required, for example during times of war, according to Marxist theorists the nuclear family provides employers with cheap disposable labour that tends to be less valued than their male counterparts. (Fulcher and Scott 2007) On what foundation of the present family, the bourgeois family based? On capital, on private gain. In its completely developed form this family exists only among the bourgeoisie The bourgeois claptrap about the family and education, about the hallowed correlation of parent and child, becomes all the more disgusting, the more, by the action of modern industry, all family ties among the proletarians are torn asunder, and their children transformed into simple articles of commerce and instruments of labour. (Marx and Engels, 1848 as cited in Ferrante 2011) Although Marx and Engels seem to be criticising the family and suggesting that the family may be considered as a tool for capitalism they were in fact suggesting that the family should be improved and it was the traditional family types that approved of the exploitation of women and children. According to Marsh and Keating (2006), Engels believed that the family exploited women and children and the end of the exploitation within the family could only be achieved in a communist society. The development of the Marist perspective continued throughout the century and the views of Engles and Marx were applied to a modern capitalist society. Modern Marxists would argue against the functionalists who stress that the purpose of the family is to raise children. Marxists agree that the family has a job but that job is to reproduce the labour power that maintains a capitalist society. It is also suggested that the family is a control mechanism that exerts social control on parents. Living in a highly consumer orientated society, children are often in competition with their peers and parents are in competition with other parents to ensure that their children have the best technology and prospects, the pressure to remain in a competing capitalist society gives the parents little choice but to compete in the workplace and accept capitalism as a norm. The family is thus an integral part of what Marxists call commodity fetishism; it helps to fuel the creation of false needs, which in order to be satisfied, require people to work hard. Mobile phones, laptops, X-boxes; all these frivolous things need to be bought by someone and in western capitalist societies it is now increasingly young people who are an important market. And young people come from, of course, families. (Abbot 2010) Historical changes in society have led to changes in feminist perspectives creating several waves of feminism. Although there are several types of feminist views including Liberal, Socialist, Radical and Marxist they do all share a common belief that women experience a range of social, economic, political and personal difficulties in their lives but they dont all agree on the cause of these difficulties. In general feminists have discarded the Functionalist theories of the nuclear family and suggested that many parents have socialised their children to behave in a manner that is considered to be appropriate to their gender roles. Feminists argue that when children see their parents behaving in their appropriate gender role then the children naturally assume that they should behave in the same way. Females have been shown what is considered to be feminine or female, dependence, obedience, conformity and domesticity and males have been encouraged by parents to be dominant, competitive and independent. (Holburn and Steel 2012) The radical feminist perspective of the family agrees basic concept of the Marxist view suggesting that exploitation is a key aspect of the family, however where Marxists suggest that capitalism plays a key role for the exploitation of women the feminist approach suggests that the division of labour is due to genetic predispositions that women are seen as the carers and are more suitable to child rearing that their male counterparts who are seen as the providers. Feminists argue that in the division of labour is unequal and that the domestic role is unrewarded and undervalued. According to Sheeran (1993) as cited in Marsh and Keating (2007) Marxist and radical feminists argue that the family is both an ideological construct and a repressive, socially produced reality, which helps to perpetuate capitalism and / or patriarchy. Such criticisms are overtly anti family, and argue that women have been forced into taking responsibility for child care by that agent of the state, the patriarc hal family. Morgan (1975) as cited in Haralambos and Holborn (2008) suggests that both functionalist and Marxist approaches, both presuppose a traditional model of the nuclear family where there is a married couple with children, where the husband is the breadwinner and where the wife stays at home to deal with the housework. The Interactionist approach is seen to be quite different and works at a micro level rather than the macro level like the previous perspectives. Symbolic interactionism has been an important theoretical perspective in family studies since its early development in the 1920s and 1930s. Symbolic interaction theory describes the family as a unit of interacting personalities. LaRossa and Reitzes (1993) as cited in International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family (2003). Interactionists suggest that families reinforce and rejuvenate their bonds through the use of rituals. Some social scientists believe that rituals like gathering together for a family meal or the ritual of marriage using symbols to reinforce the bonds this can be seen as a source of family strength and if families preserve rituals then children will become more emotionally equipped to face problems in the future. (Hughes and Kroehler 2011). Critics stress that symbolic interactionism only looks at the micro level and that this perspective does not take into account larger issues of society. The New Right perspective of the family was born from functionalist ideology and supports the theory that the nuclear family is the only type of family that works effectively within British society. Between the 1950s and the 1990s the nuclear family began to alter, families were no longer perceived to be seen in the traditional stereotypical sense, families were becoming more diverse partly due to changes in the law, abortions were legalised, homosexuality decriminalised and the introduction of legislation such as the Sex Discrimination Act and the Equal Pay Act was introduced. New types of families were emerging. Single parent families, reconstituted families, individuals that cohabitated and the formation of same sex relationships that may or may not have had children from previous relationships. The New Right believe that the lack of traditional family and values and diversity has corrupted society. Lone parents were blamed for wayward children suggesting that without a male and f emale parent residing within the family unit then children would not be able to function as contributing members of society. Critics of the New Right suggest that by suggesting that the nuclear family is the only family that works for the benefit of society it ignores the dark side of the family issues such as domestic abuse and by trying to impress that the nuclear family is the superior and morally correct route it creates a them and us situation which can lead to discrimination, persecution and ultimately suggests that other family types are not families at all.(Yorkshire 2011) According to the Office for National Statistics (2011) between 2001 and 2010 families by type have altered slightly to show that there has been a slight increase in the alternative family and a slight decrease in what is considered to be the nuclear family. As the Office of National Statistics now take into account Civil Partnerships as legitimate families the figures reflect a more accurate account of the makeup of the ever changing British family however the categories in which families are assigned do not represent a true picture of the family as it fails to differentiate between reconstituted and nuclear families, while the minority groups such as civil partnership couples and lone parents have been allocated a category of their own. According to Morgan (1994) as cited in Marsh and Keating (2006) We cannot speak of the family as if it were a static and changing thing. Rather it is better to use the word as signifying the character of a complex series of processes over timewe should speak of family processes, family living or family life courses. In this way we will come to recognise that family life is always subject to change and variation that change is at the very heart of family living As society changes with time it can be argued that the family will alter and perceptions of the family from influences such as the media and politics will change the ideology. Although the school of thought may differ depending on what perspective is applied it appears that the family plays an important role within British society, it is important to recognise that without understanding the family it makes it difficult to understand problems that may arise such as domestic violence and child abuse and how they are interpreted as private troubles or public issues.